Fluid, Electrolyte And Acid-Base Balances

Front 1

Normal total water intake

Back 1

2,500 mL

Front 2

sodium (na+) ranges

Back 2

135-145 mEq/L

Front 3

Potassium normal ranges (k+)

Back 3

3.5-5.0 mEq/L

Front 4

calcium (ca+) normal ranges

Back 4

8.4-10.6 mg/dL

Front 5

magnesium (mg+) normal ranges

Back 5

1.3-2.1 mg/dL

Front 6

phosphate (-po)

Back 6

2.7-4.5 mg/dL

Front 7

chloride (-cl) normal ranges

Back 7

96-106 mEq/L

Front 8

bicarbonate (-hco3) normal ranges

Back 8

22-26 mEq/L

Front 9

body has how many liters of circulating blood vol.

Back 9

4-6 liters

Front 10

thirst mechanism is located in the

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hypothalamus

Front 11

process by which substances move back and forth across a membrane ... move from high to low concentration in

Back 11

diffusion

Front 12

movement of a pure solvent across a membrane... from less solute to a greater concentration

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osmosis

Front 13

healthy kidney regulates fluid and electrolyte balance by regulating the

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volume and composition of ecf (extra cellular fluid)

Front 14

s/s of dehydration

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dizziness, confusion, cool, dry skin, dark urine, lower b.p., elevated temp., flat veins, + pulse, skin turgor, thirst, weak, thready pulse, weakness

Front 15

Makes up approximately 1/3 of the total body water and high in sodium content

Back 15

Extracellular Fluid

Front 16

fluid within the blood vessels

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Intravascular Fluid

Front 17

Gastrointestinal secretions,

Pleural, peritoneal, synovial, and pericardial fluids

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Transcellular Fluids

Front 18

s/s of overhydration

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Weight gain

Crackles in the lungs (wet lungs)

Slow bounding pulse

Elevated blood pressure

Possibly edema

Front 19

Hyponatremia causes

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Sodium deficit; can be from decreased sodium or increased water intake and retention (May be caused by excessive vomiting or diarrhea) loss of bile

Front 20

Hypernatremia causes

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Sodium excess; most commonly from water loss from fever or respiratory infection

Front 21

Hypokalemia causes

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inadequate potassium or loss of body water; may be from poor diet, vomiting, diarrhea, excessive sweating, or diuretic therapy

Front 22

Hyperkalemia causes

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Occurs with burns, crush injuries, uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, and renal failure

Front 23

Hypocalcemia causes

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Occurs with nutritional deficiency of calcium or vitamin D or in bone disorders such as metastatic cancer of the bone (shift of calcium into the bone)

Front 24

Hypercalcemia causes

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Most cases related to hyperparathyroidism or malignancy such as multiple myeloma, excess of vitamin d or antacids

Front 25

Hypomagnesemia causes

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malabsorption, malnutrition, renal tubular dysfunction, thiazide diuretic use, extensive gastric suction, or diarrhea

Front 26

Hypermagnesemia

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Occurs only in presence of renal failure, near drowning of sea water and overuse of antacids

Front 27

Hypochloremia a Chloride level below 96 mEq/L is associated with

Back 27

hyponatremia, usually from severe vomiting

Front 28

Hyperchloremia a chloride level above 106 mEq/L is associated with

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hypernatremia and a form of metabolic acidosis

Front 29

Hypophosphatemia causes

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result from use of aluminum-containing antacids, from vitamin D deficiency, or from hyperparathyroidism

Front 30

Hyperphosphatemia causes

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Commonly occurs in renal failure

Front 31

Death may occur if pH is

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less than 6.8 or greater than 7.8

Front 32

Carbonic acid retained or removed by

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respiratory system

Front 33

Bicarbonate retained or removed by

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kidneys

Front 34

Acts as buffer to neutralize excess acids in the body and maintain bicarbonate-to-carbonic acid ratio

Back 34

Bicarbonate

Front 35

bicarbonate-to-carbonic acid ratio at

Back 35

20:1

Front 36

Acid-Base Balance Control mechanisms

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Blood buffer system, Lungs,Urinary system

Front 37

Respiratory Acidosis

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pH will be decreased, below 7.35

Airway obstruction

Pneumonia, asthma

Chest injuries

Opiate intake

Chronic obstructive lung disease

Front 38

Metabolic Acidosis

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•pH is below 7.35. (bicarbonate level will be below 22)

Kidney disease

Diabetic ketoacidosis (Kussmaul’s)

Circulatory failure

Shock states

Front 39

Respiratory Alkalosis

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pH will be greater than 7.45

Anxiety

High fever

Hyperventilation

Salicylate poisoning (ASA overdose)

Encephalitis

Front 40

Metabolic Alkalosis

Back 40

•pH greater than 7.45 (•bicarbonate will be greater than 26)

loss of acid, commonly caused by gastric suction by Ng tube or ingestion of too much baking soda (sodium bicarbonate).

Vomiting

Excessive antacid consumption

Diuretic therapy

Potassium deficit

Front 41

signs and symptoms •Hyponatremia

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•Altered LOC•Anxiety•Nausea, vomiting

Front 42

signs and symptoms •Hypernatremia

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•Dry mucous membranes•Thirst•Weakness, lethargy

Front 43

signs and symptoms Hypokalemia

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•Abdominal pain, cardiac dysrhythmia •Paralytic ileus (decreased bowel sounds), increased urine pH

Front 44

signs and symptoms Hyperkalemia

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•Weakness, lethargy•Paralysis•Hypotension, ECG changes

Front 45

signs and symptoms Hypocalcemia

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•+ Chvostek’s sign, paresthesias •Seizures, wheezing•Swallowing problems

Front 46

signs and symptoms Hypercalcemia

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•Anorexia, abdominal pain•Renal calculi•Fractures (due to bone loss)

Front 47

signs and symptoms Hypomagnesemia

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•+ Chvostek’s sign, twitching•Hypocalcemia, hypokalemia

Front 48

signs and symptoms Hypermagnesemia

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•Hypotension, nausea•Vomiting, paralysis•Respiratory depression, ECG changes

Front 49

myplate grains recomendation

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6 oz. of grains every day with at least half being whole grain products

Front 50

myplate veg. recomendation

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Three to five servings of vegetables are recommended

Front 51

myplate fruit recomendation

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Inclusion of 2 cups of fruit, with mostly fruit rather than juice, each day is recommended

Front 52

myplate milk recomendation

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Low-fat milk, yogurt, and cheese comprise the milk group

Front 53

Which organ in the body regulates fluid and electrolyte balance?

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Kidney

Front 54

Hyponatremia may be caused by

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congestive heart failure (CHF).

Front 55

Which may cause hyperkalemia?

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Renal failure

Front 56

A patient has end-stage chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Which acid-base imbalance would be predictable in a patient with COPD?

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respiratory acidosis

Front 57

What fluid output measurement is the most concerning for a nurse?

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Urine output should be at least 30 mL/hr

Front 58

clear liquids when

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bowel sounds are audible

Front 59

Jejunostomy tubes are placed into the

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intestine

Front 60

Gastrostomy tubes and PEG tubes are placed

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directly into the stomach

Front 61

Nephrostomy tubes are placed

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in a kidney

Front 62

TPN is a method of delivering nutrition through

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a catheter placed in a large central vein.

Front 63

High levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL)

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tend to cleanse vessels of fatty deposits.

Front 64

Very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) is

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a carrier for triglycerides in the blood.

Front 65

Elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) causes

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an increase of fat deposits on blood vessel walls.

Front 66

accumulation of fatty deposits on the walls of blood vessels.

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Atherosclerosis

Front 67

corticosteroids cause

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sodium and water retension

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chloride is retained with

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sodium

Front 69

500 mL of water =

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1.1 1lbs

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1000 mL of water =

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2.2 lbs or 1 kg