First Test For Biol 1020

Front 1

Elements

Back 1

Can't be broken down by an ordinary means

Front 2

Most important elements to living things

Back 2

C,H, O, N, CA, P, Na

Front 3

Compounds

Back 3

2 or more elements together in fixed ratios
when combined the properties can change
Na-explosive
Cl-gas is poison

Front 4

Atom

Back 4

smallest unit of an element

Front 5

protons

Back 5

positive charge found in the nucleus

Front 6

neutrons

Back 6

no charge found in nucleus

Front 7

electrons

Back 7

negative charge circles the center in orbitals

Front 8

Weight

Back 8

proton= 1 amu
neutron= 1 amu
electron= 0 amu

Front 9

atomic number

Back 9

the number of protons
2He helium has two protons

Front 10

neutral atom

Back 10

the number of protons equals the number of electrons

Front 11

Atomic Mass

Back 11

number of protons plus the number of neutrons

Front 12

Isotopes

Back 12

atoms of an element that differ in number of neutrons
and can be radioactive
(decay and emit radioactivity)

Front 13

deuterium

Back 13

plus one neutron of hydrogen

Front 14

tritium

Back 14

plus two neutrons of hydrogen and radioactive

Front 15

Carbon 14

Back 15

radio active with 8 neutrons and used for carbon dating of fossils bc half-life is 5600 years
measure the ratio to determine the age of the fossil

Front 16

radioactivity of an atom

Back 16

determined by the position of the electrons
the farther away from the nucleus the more energy present

Front 17

movement of electrons

Back 17

shell 1- shell 2
must add energy
shell2-shell1
must release energy

Front 18

Orbitals

Back 18

shell 1= 1 orbital (2 electrons)
shell 2=4 orbitals
shell 3=4 orbitals

Front 19

Valence electrons

Back 19

the outter shell electrons that will bond

Front 20

covalent bonds

Back 20

sharing of electrons

Front 21

nonpolar covalent bonds

Back 21

equal sharing (H2)

Front 22

polar covalent bonds

Back 22

unequal sharing (HCl)
shared electrons will orbit chlorine more often and create a negativ charge

Front 23

ionic bonds

Back 23

form between ions (no sharing) NaCl sodium gives the electron away, then sodium=positive ion and chlorine=ngativ ion

Front 24

hydrogen bond (elctrostatic bond)

Back 24

H2O:polar molecule a 4 cornered molecule and a tetrahedron

Front 25

Properties of water

Back 25

cohesion, adhesion, high "specific" heat, high heat of vaporization, solid is less dense, solvent, ionization of water

Front 26

Cohesion

Back 26

water sticks to other water molecules, high surface tension (skipping rocks)

Front 27

Adhesion

Back 27

H2O adheres to other polar molecules= hydrophilic

Front 28

high "specific" heat

Back 28

amt of heat that is absorbed or released to change the temp of 1 gram of water equals 1cal/1gr/1C
good stabilizer of temp

Front 29

high heat of vaporation

Back 29

amt of heat applied to change 1 gr of H2O to vapor = 586 cal

Front 30

Solid is less dense

Back 30

4C is the temp where water is the most dense, widely spaced molecules = ice

Front 31

solvent

Back 31

H2O dissolves polar molecules and ionic molecules bc it attracks a charge and not nonpolar molecules bc there is no charge

Front 32

Ionization of water

Back 32

"Dissociation" can produce a proton and a hydronium and hydroxide ion with H3O + OH

Front 33

Acid

Back 33

proton donor
H + Cl = HCl
vinegar
lemon juice

Front 34

Base

Back 34

proton acceptor
Na + OH = NaOH
clorox

Front 35

pH of life

Back 35

6-8

Front 36

Acid rain

Back 36

1.5-4.2
sulfuric acid and nitric acid

Front 37

Buffers

Back 37

used to regulate pH
blood

Front 38

Organic molecules

Back 38

contain C and H

Front 39

Hydrocarbons

Back 39

alkanes
alkenes
alkines

Front 40

alkanes

Back 40

contain only H and C with single bonds
saturated with hydrogen

Front 41

alkenes

Back 41

unsaturated hydrocarbon
1 or more doouble bonds

Front 42

alkines

Back 42

unsaturated with 1 or more triple bonds
ethine=acetylene (all fuels)

Front 43

Functional groups

Back 43

groups of atoms that are attached to a carbon skeleton that define organic molecules

Front 44

hydroxyl

Back 44

OH
polar
found in alcohols and sugars
-anol

Front 45

aldehyde

Back 45

either first or last
found in alehyde molecules and sugars
-C=O
H
-anal

Front 46

ketone

Back 46

always internal
C=O
-one
acetone=propanone

Front 47

carboxyl

Back 47

found in amino acids
C-OH
O
-oic

Front 48

Phosphate

Back 48

-phospholipids and nucleotides
O
P-O
O

Front 49

Amino Acid

Back 49

H-N
H

Front 50

Macromolecules

Back 50

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleotides

Front 51

Monomer

Back 51

building block for all macromolecules

Front 52

Carbohydrates

Back 52

hydroxls, carbon chain, and aldehyde/ketone
glucose=dextrose

Front 53

glyceraldehyde/aldo sugar/triose

Back 53

smallest saccharide with 3 carbons

Front 54

alpha glucose

Back 54

on carbons 1 and 4 OH points in the same direction
digestible and important

Front 55

beta glucose

Back 55

OH points in a different direction
cellulose

Front 56

Dissaccharide

Back 56

alpha glucose + alpha glucose= maltose
H2O is removed

Front 57

Sucrose

Back 57

alpha glucose + fructose

Front 58

Starch

Back 58

made by plants
storage for stockpile sugar

Front 59

amylose

Back 59

unbranched form of starch

Front 60

amylopatin

Back 60

branched form of starch

Front 61

glycogen

Back 61

highly branched
muscle/liver
storage of energy

Front 62

cellulose

Back 62

made by plants
animals can't digest unless protozoa is present in digestive tract
(beta glucose)

Front 63

Amino Sugars

Back 63

sugars that have an amino group
cartilage-glucosamine
chitin- exoskeleton of arthopods

Front 64

Lipids

Back 64

have less oxygen than carbos
monomer, triglycerides, phospholipids, steriods, carteniods, wax
insoluble in water
soluble in non polar molecules

Front 65

Fatty acid

Back 65

caboxyl plus a long hydrocarbon saturated chain
lots of energy

Front 66

Peptide bond

Back 66

O H
C-N

Front 67

Proteins

Back 67

four levels
held together with hydrogen bonds

Front 68

denaturization

Back 68

if a protein looses confirmation
-heat
-pH
-salt concentration
-perms

Front 69

Functions of proteins

Back 69

structural, storage, defense, some hormones, muscle, transport hemoglobin, enzymes

Front 70

Polynucleotides

Back 70

DNA and RNA
5 carbon sugar, nitrogen base, and phosphates
ATP, ADP, AMP

Front 71

Dinucleotides

Back 71

NAD, NADH, FAD

Front 72

Nitrogen bases

Back 72

adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine

Front 73

Exergonic rxn "oxidation"

Back 73

a rxn that will occur spontaneously and release energy
give up H & release electrons

Front 74

Endergonic rxn "reuctions"

Back 74

add H and electrons to a molecule

Front 75

photosynthesis

Back 75

endergonic that requires energy and only plants can perform this function

Front 76

Oxidized coenzymes

Back 76

NAD and FAD

Front 77

Reduced coenzymes

Back 77

NADH and FADH

Front 78

Coenzymes

Back 78

act as electron acceptors and donators
vitamin portion
used in coupled rxns
are not proteins
aldehyde=ethanol

Front 79

Coupled rxns

Back 79

ATP used to form ADP
ammonium