First Semestre Science 09 Study Guide

Front 1

Rock cycle

Back 1

the process in which rocks form, change, breakdoown and reform

Front 2

crystallization

Back 2

the process through which rokcs form, either from molten rock or from coming out of solution

Front 3

Plate tectonics

Back 3

the theory that Earth's surface, lithosphere, is devided into a series of segments which move

Front 4

atoms

Back 4

the smallest unit of an element that has the properties of that element

Front 5

ions

Back 5

atoms which have lost or gained electrons

Front 6

Force

Back 6

a push or pull

Front 7

Newton's three laws

Back 7

1.inertia
2. f=ma
3. action force/reaction force

Front 8

Buoyancy

Back 8

push back force equal to the force exerted by the amount of water displaced by the object

Front 9

Gravity

Back 9

the pull of an object towards the center of its mass.

Front 10

Topography

Back 10

surface features of an area of Earth's continent

Front 11

Contour lines

Back 11

connect points of equal elevation

Front 12

Rules for a contour map

Back 12

1. contour lines never cross
2.circles show highest (hills, mountains) and lowest (basins lakes) in a closed system
3. hachure lines show decreases in elevation in a depression
4. contour lines crossing a stream point toward higher elevations
5. the closer the contour lines the steeper the slope
6. index lines have numbers on them
7.on a map the contour intervals are always equal.

Front 13

Science process skills

Back 13

set of "steps" through which information is gained and verified, including observations, hypothesis, variables, writing procedures, organized data.

Front 14

Observations

Back 14

information gained using the five senses

Front 15

Hypothesis

Back 15

proposed solution to a problem to be tested; based on observations and previous experience.

Front 16

variables

Back 16

anything which can change in an experiment

Front 17

Independent

Back 17

the one variable which is deliberately change from one trial to another by the experimenter.

Front 18

Dependent

Back 18

the variable which may change in reponse to changes in the independent variable

Front 19

Controlled (constant) variables

Back 19

those variables which must remain the same from one trial to another.

Front 20

Procedure

Back 20

step by step sequence for conducting an experiment

Front 21

data

Back 21

observations of the changes made due to the manipulation of one variable. They aer usually recorded in an organized chart.

Front 22

Quantitative

Back 22

observations involving measurements

Front 23

Qualitative

Back 23

obsevations of what occurs, very desriptive.

Front 24

Types of mining

Back 24

1. surface mining
2.strip mining
3. open pit mining
4. deep mining

Front 25

Density

Back 25

amount of mass in a given volume of space g/ml

Front 26

four spheres of Earth

Back 26

1. atmosphere
2. hydrosphere
3. geosphere
4. biosphere

Front 27

weight

Back 27

the pull of gravity on the mass of an object

Front 28

Distribution of volcanoes

Back 28

occur at hot spots or convergernt boundaries forming volcanic mountains or volcanic island arcs "ring of fire"

Front 29

sea floor spreading

Back 29

magma rises at the mid-oceanic ridge, forming new crustal material and plates move apart

Front 30

mid-oceanic ridge

Back 30

world's longest mountain chain,the rift vally running down the center of the ridge is the site of new plate growth.

Front 31

thickness of the sediments on the ocean floor

Back 31

as you go from the mid-oceanic ridge the sediments get thicker and older

Front 32

subduction zones

Back 32

a denser ocreanic plate goes under either a continental plate or another less dense oceanic plate to move into the mantle.

Front 33

trench

Back 33

surface feature of a subduction zone, deepest parts of the ocean

Front 34

ancient mountain chain

Back 34

Running from NE South America to NW Africa to Eastern United States across Central Scotland and into Scandanvia, this chain was considered evidence for continental drift and later plate tectonics

Front 35

magnetic reversals

Back 35

used to show pattern of rock formation around mid-oceanic ridges, reflected the reversal of magnetic north over millions of years; support theory of plate tectonics

Front 36

glacial evidence

Back 36

rock striations indicated a single continental glacier stretching over Africa, South America and Madagascar, support for idea of continental drift and theory of plate tectonics

Front 37

role of sample size in density

Back 37

the amount of sample does not affect density because it is calculated to be mass per 1 unit of volume.

Front 38

rocks

Back 38

naturally occurring, usually made of two or more minerals

Front 39

minerals

Back 39

crystalline structure, solid, naturally occurring. definte chemical makeup

Front 40

topographic map

Back 40

show relief and surface features of an area using contour lines.

Front 41

fair test

Back 41

a repeatable procedure for manipulating only one variable in order to answer a question

Front 42

floater

Back 42

an object or material which is less dense than the substance it is in, usually molten or a liquid

Front 43

gyre

Back 43

circular area of an ocean surrounded by currents moving in one direction

Front 44

Construction of a data table

Back 44

In the far left column is the independent variable, the other columns cover the dependent variables,
Each column should have a heading with what is measured and in what units. every data table should have a title indicating the independent and dependent variables .

Front 45

modern atomic theory -people and ideas
Democritis

Back 45

all matter has a simplest unbreakable particle.

Front 46

modern atomic theory -people and ideas
Dalton

Back 46

Revived the idea of atoms thought of them as balls with hooks

Front 47

modern atomic theory -people and ideas
Thompson

Back 47

Plum pudding model - positive mass with electrons stuck in it and could be removed

Front 48

modern atomic theory -people and ideas
Rutherford

Back 48

proved atom mostly empty space. Electrons orbit a tiny positive core (nucleus)

Front 49

modern atomic theory -people and ideas
Chadwick

Back 49

discovered neutrons, neutral particles in the nucleus

Front 50

modern atomic theory -people and ideas
Bohr

Back 50

proposed that the atomwas like a solar system with eclectrons orbiting the nucleus in a set pattern

Front 51

modern atomic theory - ideas
Electron cloud confiuration

Back 51

Electrons orbit nucleus in energy levels not orbitals

Front 52

Igneous

Back 52

rock formed from molten rock,
cools slowly below ground or quickly above ground

Front 53

metamorphic rock

Back 53

forms when rock undergores enough heat and pressure to becomre plastic like. It does not melt but atoms rearrange to form new crystals

Front 54

sedimentary rock

Back 54

forms when small pieces of other rocks become cemented and /or compacted or materials settle from solution,

Front 55

molecule

Back 55

the smallest prt of a compound made of two or more element chemically combined