First Semester Study Guide

Front 1

Why is geography important to history?

Back 1

Geography has added to our knowledge of human history

Front 2

How do archaeologists find out about early peoples?

Back 2

They do this by finding and analyzing the material remains of human cultures.

Front 3

What is the job of a historian?

Back 3

Historians study how people lived in the past.

Front 4

List the characteristics of the Old Stone Age?

Back 4

This is the earliest known period of human history and lasted from around 2 million B.C to about 10,000 B.C, which took us to the first stone tool makers.

Front 5

What religious beliefs were probably held by Stone Age people?

Back 5

Animism, which is which is the belief that spirits and forces reside animals, objects, or dreams.

Front 6

What was the Neolithic revolution?

Back 6

When nomadic bands learned farm and produce their own food, instead of always traveling to new places.

Front 7

A new discovery about Stone Age life would most likely be made by what kind of scientist?

Back 7

It would most likely be made by an archaeologist

Front 8

How do historians help us learn about the past?

Back 8

They do this by studying records they were able to find of past civilizations

Front 9

What evidence suggests that early people believed in life after death?

Back 9

The early people buried their dead with great care and provided the dead with tools and weapons for the after life.

Front 10

What was a change that characterized the New Stone Age?

Back 10

The rise of cities and farming in cultivated land

Front 11

Where did the first cities emerge?

Back 11

They emerged near the river valley.

Front 12

How did ancient Egyptians view their pharaohs?

Back 12

Egyptians viewed their pharaohs as gods.

Front 13

The Pyramid Age is another name for the

Back 13

old kingdom.

Front 14

The need to keep records led to the development of what in Egypt?

Back 14

Records led to the development of more complex writing hieroglyphicsRecords led to the development of more complex written language, and later on the Rosetta Stone.

Front 15

The Epic of Gilgamesh is a poem that tells of

Back 15

a great flood that destroys the world and Samaritan hero.

Front 16

Why was the Code of Hammurabi a major achievement?

Back 16

A set of laws that went by the “eye for an eye, tooth for tooth” principle.

Front 17

What geographic features had the greatest influence on ancient Egypt?

Back 17

The Nile.

Front 18

Most Egyptians were members of what group?

Back 18

Most were nomadic farmers.

Front 19

The movement of people across the Fertile Crescent resulted what?

Back 19

Cultural diffusion the exchange of ideas

Front 20

How did the Sumerians differ from the Egyptians in the way they viewed their rulers?

Back 20

Egyptian rulers were seen as gods that could control most things, while Sumerian rulers were the gods chief servant.

Front 21

Middle Eastern civilization was spread throughout the Mediterranean by what peoples?

Back 21

The phoenicians

Front 22

How could Hindus change caste?

Back 22

They couldn’t If they do well in their current life and fulfill all of their duties then they will be reincarnated into a higher caste in their next life.

Front 23

Which Chinese philosophy taught that government should pass strict laws and enforce them with harsh punishments?

Back 23

Legalism

Front 24

Han rulers based their policies on the teachings of

Back 24

legalism

Front 25

The trade route that linked China with the west became known as the

Back 25

the Silk Road.

Front 26

Both Hindus and Buddhists believe in

Back 26

reincarnation.Karma

Front 27

In an Indian household, the head of the family was the

Back 27

father or oldest male in the household.

Front 28

Indian villages were ruled by a village

Back 28

headsman or council

Front 29

Confucius taught the Chinese people that their most important duty was

Back 29

filial piety, or respect for parents.

Front 30

Following the Persian Wars, Greece was dominated by

Back 30

Athens

Front 31

The Peloponnesian War resulted from conflict between

Back 31

Athens and Sparta.

Front 32

Alexander’s most lasting achievement was

Back 32

the spread of Greek culture.

Front 33

What geographic characteristics of Greece provided a link to the outside world?

Back 33

The seas and its hundreds of bays, which provided safe harbors for ships.

Front 34

A form of government controlled by a small, powerful elite from the business class is called a(n)

Back 34

Oligarchy

Front 35

From childhood, Spartan boys were trained to be

Back 35

soldiers.

Front 36

Athens enjoyed a golden age under the leadership of

Back 36

pericles

Front 37

Conflict between Athens and Sparta resulted in the

Back 37

Peloponnesian War.

Front 38

According to Aristotle, the best government was

Back 38

rule by a single strong and virtuous leader.

Front 39

Describe the focus of the works of Greek artists and architects?

Back 39

They wanted everything to look perfect so it would convey balance, order, and beauty.

Front 40

Who established an empire that extended from Greece to Egypt and India?

Back 40

Alexander the Great.

Front 41

In Roman government, who represented the rights of plebeians?

Back 41

Tribunes

Front 42

Which of the following places did Constantine make the center of power for the Roman Empire?

Back 42

He made Constantinople the new capital and because of this made the eastern portion of the empire became the center of power

Front 43

How did the wealth acquired from winning an empire affect Rome?

Back 43

Generals, officials, and traders became wealthier from loot, commerce, and taxes. A new wealthy class emerged and mansions were built. Latifundias ,large estates, were bought up. However, these latifundias caused more slaves to be captured and small farmers to not be able to produce food as cheaply and fall into debt. Greed and self interest increased as well. Widened gap between rich and poor. Inflation

Front 44

The decline of the Roman republic followed a century of civil wars fought over what issue?

Back 44

After Julius Caesar’s assassination, Octavian and mark Anthony joined forces but soon began to quarrel. Anthony’s ally was Queen Cleopatra but they were defeated by Octavian

Front 45

Roman art and literature blended Roman civilization with that of

Back 45

The Greek (Greece)

Front 46

What was Rome’s attitude toward people of different religions in the empire?

Back 46

Rome tolerated different religions as long as the citizens were loyal and honored Roman gods by acknowledging the divine spirit of the emperor.

Front 47

Who tried to restore order to the Roman Empire?

Back 47

Constantine

Front 48

What caused the fall of Rome?

Back 48

-had too much land (lacking in communication) -split empires (conflict started to occur between the east and west) -outside invasions -government expenses / high taxations

Front 49

Who conquered the former Roman province of Gaul?

Back 49

The Franks

Front 50

Under feudalism, lords granted land to vassals in exchange for what?

Back 50

Loyalty and military service.

Front 51

How did monks and nuns improve life during the middle ages?

Back 51

They looked after the poor and sick,set up schools for children, gave food to travelers, and set up churches, etc.

Front 52

New agricultural technologies in the middle ages led to what?

Back 52

Increase in population (mo food)

Front 53

what was the most important economic activity in a medieval town

Back 53

Trade

Front 54

Why was the Battle of Tours significant

Back 54

The last Muslim conquest into Europe main religion could have been muslim instead of christianity

Charles stopped the Muslim invasion of Western Europe

Front 55

Chivalry govern relations between what two groups

Back 55

Noble men and women

Front 56

Which group made up the largest part of the population in feudal society

Back 56

Peasants

Front 57

How did the three field system contribute to the agricultural revolution that took place during the Middle Ages

Back 57

More food and more people

Front 58

Why was the Magna Carta so important

Back 58

First time monarch power was limited

Front 59

The Concordat of worms was about what issue

Back 59

Investiture

Front 60

What was the chief goal of the Crusades

Back 60

Free Holy Land and kick out Muslims

Front 61

The Reconquista refers to what

Back 61

Spanish conquistadors kicking out Muslims from Europe

Front 62

What was the result of the plague in Europe

Back 62

Economic disarray and downfall

Front 63

The development of an early jury system took place during the reign of

Back 63

Henry II

Front 64

A major conflict between the Holy Roman Emperor and the Popes concerned what issue

Back 64

Investiture

Front 65

A key feature of Gothic architecture is

Back 65

the flying buttresses (stone supports that stood outside)

Front 66

Describe the church during the late Middle Ages

Back 66

Divided and weakend

Front 67

Why is Joann of Arc remembered

Back 67

Ralley France vs England

Front 68

Which of the following rulers made a Hajj that resulted in trading and diplomatic ties between Mali and other Muslim states

Back 68

Mansa Musa

Front 69

Axum prospered partly because it was a port on what body of water

Back 69

Red Sea

Front 70

What group of people developed expert knowledge of the natural world by adapting to life in the Kalahari

Back 70

Khoisan

Front 71

What kinds of practices represent an adaption to the environment

Back 71

Slash and burn agriculture

Front 72

Describes a patrilineal culture

Back 72

Inherit through father

Front 73

Which of the leaders set up a Muslim dynasty in Songhai

Back 73

Askia Muhammad

Front 74

What Kingdom had a port on the Red Sea

Back 74

Axum

Front 75

What religious tradition did the axumites pass on to the Ethiopians

Back 75

Christianity

Front 76

Monsoon winds aided trade between East Africa and what civilization

Back 76

India

Front 77

Khoisan people adapted to the Kalahari environment by what method

Back 77

Hunting and gathering

Front 78

The artists of the Renaissance focused on what realm

Back 78

Humanistic concern

Front 79

Why is Albrecht Durer often compared to Leonardo da Vinci

Back 79

Wide-ranging interest

Front 80

Why did Luther criticized the Roman Catholic Church

Back 80

Corruption and indulgence selling

Front 81

What was the result of the Catholic Reformation

Back 81

Witch hunt

Front 82

Copernicus proposed the theory

Back 82

Heliocentric

Front 83

What contributed to the birth of the Renaissance in Italy

Back 83

Wealthy merchant class

Front 84

What happened because of the printing revolution in the 1500

Back 84

Spread of ideas

Front 85

Luther believe what

Back 85

Salvation through faith alone

Front 86

How did Henry VIII I react when the Pope refused to annul his marriage

Back 86

Took over the church

Front 87

Who stressed the use of experiments and observations in seeking knowledge

Back 87

Roger Bacon

Front 88

Why did the European rulers encouraged ocean exploration

Back 88

Needed trade routes

Front 89

The Khmer Empire was influenced by what culture

Back 89

India

Front 90

In the 1600 the Portuguese lost control of trade in the Indian Ocean to whom

Back 90

Dutch

Front 91

The Ming and Qing dynasties followed what policies regarding foreign trade

Back 91

Isolationism

Front 92

How did Prince Henry change the course of Portugal history

Back 92

His work led the age of exploration

Front 93

What country controlled Vietnam

Back 93

China

Front 94

How was Korea similar to China

Back 94

Isolationism

Front 95

What was trade like in Japan under the Tokugawa shoguns

Back 95

Isolationism

Front 96

What was the Native American influence on European colonists

Back 96

Corn

Front 97

By the 1500 the most important element of African trade with European was what

Back 97

Slaves

Front 98

Many of the new kingdoms that developed in West Africa in the early modern age was influenced by what

Back 98

Islam

Front 99

What resulted from encounters between the Spanish and Native Americans

Back 99

Death

Front 100

The culture that developed in Brazil blended Native American and African influences with those of what culture

Back 100

Portugal

Front 101

The Treaty of Paris of 1763 resulted in what

Back 101

British control of North America

Front 102

European traders sent Africans to the Americas to do what

Back 102

Slavery

Front 103

Describe Europe's middle class during the 1500 and 1600

Back 103

Better and comfortable

Front 104

Who is the best known for his portraits of Spanish nobles during Spain's Golden Century

Back 104

El Greco

Front 105

By the Edict of Nantes in 1598 Henry the 4th of France granted religious toleration to what group

Back 105

Protestant

Front 106

During the 1700 what counties battled for control of German states

Back 106

Austria and Prussia

Front 107

Peter the Great forced the Russians to accept social reforms that would make their culture more like that the whom

Back 107

Western Europe

Front 108

As a result of Peter the Great's war against Sweden, Russia gained what

Back 108

Land along the Baltic Sea

Front 109

What Authour mocked the tradition of Spain feudal past in his novel Don Quixote

Back 109

Miguel Cervantes

Front 110

In the late 1500 France was torn apart by religious wars between Catholic and whom

Back 110

Huguenots

Front 111

The Stuart King's claim to absolute power was challenged by whom

Back 111

Parliament

Front 112

Why did Prussia battle Austria during the 1700

Back 112

Control of Germanic state

Front 113

Describe what happened to Poland in 1759 as a result of actions by Russia, Austria, and Prussia

Back 113

Disappeared off the map (split)