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282 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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A tumor that cannot spread throughout the body
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Benign
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A tumor that invades neighboring tissue and grows.
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Malignant
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When two DNA strands split
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Replication Fork
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A kind of virus that infects bacteria
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Bacteriophage
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Useless sequences that are removed from DNA
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Intron
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DNA stands for...
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Deoxyribonucleic acid
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DNA is a polymer of ___.
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Nucleotides
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Nucleotides are made of what three things?
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Deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group, and nitrogenous bases.
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How many nitrogenous bases are there?
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Five
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What are the purines?
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Adenine and guanine
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What are the pyrimidines?
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Cytosine, thymine, and uracil.
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How many rings do purines have?
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Two
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How many rings do pyrimidines have?
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One
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DNA is arranged in what type of structure?
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Double helix
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What is DNA's backbone made of?
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Sugar and phosphate
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What are the rungs of the DNA latter?
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Nitrogenous bases
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Guanine always bonds with...
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Cytosine
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Thymine always bonds with...
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Adenine
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What does every purine have?
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A complimentary pyrimidine.
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How much longer is DNA than a cell?
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600,000 times as long
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What are chromosomes made of?
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Chromatin
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What are chromatin made of?
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Histones
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What are spooled units of DNA wrapped around?
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Histones
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What is the name of the spooled units wrapped around histones?
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Nucleosomes
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How many chromosomes do prokaryotes have?
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One
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How much more DNA do eukaryotes have than prokaryotes?
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1000x
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Process of producing two identical replicas from one original DNA molecule.
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Replication
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What must happen before a cell divides?
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DNA Replication
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What is replication based on?
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Complementary base pairings
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What is the first step of replication?
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DNA helicase unzips those genes.
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The enzyme that breaks hydrogen bonds.
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DNA helicase
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What is the second step of replication?
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DNA polymerase adds complementary nucleotides to separated strands.
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Using half new strands and half old strands.
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Semi–conservative replication
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What does RNA stand for?
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Ribonucleic acid
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RNA uses what instead of deoxyribose?
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Ribose.
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What are the three types of RNA?
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Messenger RNA, Ribosomal RNA, and Transfer RNA.
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When is RNA used?
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During protein synthesis
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What carries information for making proteins to the ribosomes?
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mRNA
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What makes up ribosomes and various proteins?
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rRNA
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What brings amino acids to the ribosomes?
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tRNA
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What are the three steps for RNA processing?
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Binding to promoter, separation, and using a DNA strand to make mRNA.
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Where does RNA processing take place?
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In the nucleus
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Useless sequences that are removed.
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Introns
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Remaining segments of DNA that actually code for proteins.
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Exons
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Long chain or polymer of amino acids.
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Polypeptide
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3 nucleotide sequences that code for amino acids.
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Codons
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What are polypeptides called in their stable form?
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Proteins?
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What does every polypeptide sequence have to start with?
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Methimine
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Mutations that occur at a single point in the in the DNA sequence.
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Point mutations
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Another name for gene mutations
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Point mutations
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What are the three types of point mutations?
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Substitution, deletion, and insertion.
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Mutation in which one nitrogenous base is switched for another.
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Substitution
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Mutation in which the entire coding frame is shifted.
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Frameshift mutation
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What is the least harmful type of mutation?
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Substitution
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What causes frameshift mutations?
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Deletions or insertions.
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Mutations caused by the number of or structure of chromosomes.
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Chromosomal mutations
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What is the most severe type of mutation?
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Chromosomal mutations
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How many types of chromosomal mutations are there?
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Four
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What are the four types of chromosomal mutations?
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Deletion, duplication, inversion, and translocation
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What are eight causes of chromosomal mutations?
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Errors in DNA replication, age, cell reproduction rate, mutagens, pesticide, radiation, pollution, and tobacco smoke.
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Physical or chemical agent that cause mutation.
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Mutagen
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What are the effects of mutagens?
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Cancer, deformities, resistance, disorders, polyploidy, and evolution.
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Cell suicide
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Apoptosis
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When a cell goes rogue and divides uncontrollably.
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Cancer
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Organisms with extra sets of chromosomes.
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Polyploidy
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Benign cells eventually become...
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Malignant
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Chemical, viruses, bacteria, and radiation can cause what?
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Cancer
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Who discovered the double helix structure of DNA?
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Watson and Crick
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How many hydrogen bonds form between adenine and thymine?
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Two
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How many hydrogen bonds form between cytosine and guanine?
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Three
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What type of RNA goes through RNA processing?
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mRNA
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What type of RNA carries anticodons?
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tRNA
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What is the macromolecules in DNA called?
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Nucleic acid
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Where do eukaryotes keep their DNA?
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In the nucleus
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What is the product of transcription?
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mRNA
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What is mRNA transfered into?
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Proteins
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Where does translation happen?
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In the ribosomes
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What matches anticodons with codons during translation?
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tRNA
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What does tRNA do during translation?
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Match anticodons with codons
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tRNA matches anticodons with codons during what phase of DNA replication?
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Translation
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What type of mutation causes sickle cell anemia?
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Substitution
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How can the amount of DNA in a solution be determined?
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By measuring the amount of light it absorbs at 260 nanometers
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How much radiation is needed in order to determine how much DNA is in a solution?
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260 nanometers
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An organized way of using evidence to study the natural world |
Science |
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What are the goals of science? |
1. Investigate, understand, and explain nature. 2. Make useful predictions |
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The body of knowledge scientists have gathered |
Science |
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Science does not... |
1. Explain anything beyond the natural world 2. Prove anything |
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What science is What science is not |
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What does the scientific method begin with? |
Observation |
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What are the steps of the scientific method? |
1. Observation 2. Inferences 3. Hypothesis 4. Experiments 5. Analysis of Data 5. Conclusion |
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Logical interpretations based on prior knowledge |
Inferences |
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Testable scientificexplanation for a set of observations
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Hypothesis |
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What do scientists do if experiments are not possible? |
They look for correlation. |
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When are experiments not possible? |
1. When studying natural phenomenon 2. When there are ethical or safety limitations |
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What does ATP stand for? |
Adenosine triphosphate
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What type of molecule is the directly usableform of energy for cellular processes
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ATP |
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What is the name of this molecule? |
ATP |
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What is ATP made of? |
Adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups. |
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How does ATP release its energy? |
Energy in ATP is released when the bond betweenthe second and third phosphate group is broken
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What is ADP? |
ADP is basically ATP with only two phosphate groups. It must be recharged in order to be used (in most cases). |
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What does ADP stand for? |
Adenosine diphosphate
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What type of organism obtains food by consuming other organisms? |
Heterotrophs |
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What type of organisms produce their own food? |
Autotrophs |
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How do autotrophs produce their food? |
Photosynthesis |
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What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis? |
6CO2 + 6H2O is converted using light energy into C6H12O6 + 6O2 |
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What enters the food chain during photosynthesis? |
Carbon and energy |
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What is white light? |
A mixture of many different wavelengths (colors) of light |
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What is the order of colors in the visible light section of the electromagnetic spectrum? |
Red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet |
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Name all of the sections on the electromagnetic spectrum from longest to shortest. |
Broadcast band, radio, radar, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, x-rays, gamma rays, and cosmic rays. |
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Molecules that absorb specific wavelengths of light. |
Pigments |
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the primary photosynthetic pigment |
Chlorophyll |
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How many types of chlorophyll are there? |
Two (a and b) |
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What colors does chlorophyll absorb? |
Red and blue |
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What colors does chlorophyll reflect? |
Green |
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accessory pigments
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Carotenoids
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What colors do carotenoids absorb? |
Blue |
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What colors do carotenoids reflect? |
yellow, orange, and red
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How are thylakoids organized? |
Into stacks called grana (singular:granum). |
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What charges ATP and NADPH? |
Light-dependent reactions |
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What process occurs in the stroma? |
The Calvin Cycle |
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What powers the Calvin Cycle? |
ATP and NADPH |
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In what environment does CAM Photosynthesis occur? |
Extreme deserts |
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In what environment do C4 plants grow in? |
Savannahs |
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How many calories does one gram of glucose release? |
3811 |
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The process by which glucose is converted into ATP |
Cellular respiration |
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What is the opposite of photosynthesis? |
Cellular respiration |
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Where does glycolysis take place? |
In the cytoplasm |
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Where does the Krebs Cycle take place? |
In the Matrix |
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Where are electron transport trains found? |
In the inner membrane of the mitochondria |
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What does glycolysis need? |
Glucose |
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What does glycolysis make? |
2 ATP, 2 pyrovate, and NADPH |
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What does the Krebs Cycle need? |
Pyrovate |
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What does the Krebs Cycle make? |
2 ATP, 6 CO2, NADPH and FADH2 |
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What does the electron transport chain need? |
NADPH and FADP2 |
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What does the electron transport chain make? |
32 ATP and 6H2O |
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What are the two types of respiration? |
Aerobic and anaerobic |
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Where is energy stored in ATP? |
In the bonds between phosphate groups. |
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What are the two types of fermentation? |
Alcoholic and lactic acid |
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Is fermentation aerobic or anaerobic? |
Anaerobic |
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Fermentation used by microorganisms to produce ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide |
Alcoholic Fermentation |
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Process by which lactic acid and NAD+ is produced. |
Lactic Acid Fermentation |
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Molecule that supplies energy to cells |
Pyruvic Acid |
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An electron carrier that holds electrons until they can be transferred to other molecules |
NAD+ |
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What are the advantages of glycolysis? |
Speed and lack of oxygen |
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What is another name for light-dependent reactions? |
The Calvin Cycle |
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Process by which photosynthesis uses energy |
Photosystem |
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A protein that recharges ADP |
ATP synthase |
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How does ATP Synthase charge ADP? |
By binding ADP and a phosphate group together |
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The first step of cellular respiration |
Glycolysis |
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Photosynthesis that works under intense light and high temperatures |
C4 photosynthesis |
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Plants that admit air into their leaves only at night |
CAM Plants |
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What are the factors that affect photosynthesis? |
Temperature, light intensity, and availability of water. |
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What is the second stage of cellular respiration? |
The Krebs Cycle |
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What happens during the Krebs Cycle? |
Pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide |
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The innermost compartment of the mitochondria |
The Matrix |
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What are the three steps of cellular respiration |
1) Glycolysis 2) Krebs Cycle 3) Electron Transport |
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How many ATP are released per molecule of glucose? |
36 |
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The process by which energy is released from food molecules |
Fermentation |
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Where does fermentation occur? |
In the cytoplasm |
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Respiration without oxygen |
Anaerobic |
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Respiration with oxygen |
Aerobic |
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Amount of energy it takes to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree Celsius |
calorie |
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1000 calories |
Kilocalorie |
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Synonym for kilocalorie |
Calorie with a capital C |
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Using light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen |
Photosynthesis |
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Charged chemical battery similar to ATP |
NADPH |
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Particle of light representing a quantum of light |
Photon |
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What molecules do light-independent reactions use? |
ATP and NADPH |
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Where do light-independent reactions take place? |
In the stroma |
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What part of the cell provides structure and protection? |
The cell wall |
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What is the cell wall made of? |
Carbohydrates |
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Cell walls are not found in _____ cells |
Animals |
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What part of the cell regulates what goes in and out of the cell? |
Cell membrane |
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Lipid bilayer that has a polar head and a nonpolar tail |
Phospolipid |
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Natural movement of particles from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration |
Diffusion |
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Which way to particles move during diffusion |
From areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration |
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The diffusion of water across a membrane |
Osmosis |
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What are the three types of solutions? |
Hypertonic, isotonic, and hypotonic |
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Solution with the same concentration on the inside as the outside |
Isotonic |
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Solution has a higher concentration of solutes than the cell |
Hypertonic |
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Solution that has a lower concentration of solutes than the cell |
Hypotonic |
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What can happen to animal cells during hypotonic diffusion? |
They can burst |
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Small particles of RNA that produce proteins |
Ribosomes |
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A layer of phospholipids that regulates what goes in and out of the cell |
Lipid bilayer |
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Undifferentiated "blanks" that can become many cell types |
Stem cells |
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Edocytosis in which cells take liquid from their environment |
Pinacytosis |
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What are protein pumps used for? |
Molecular transport |
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Name the categories of life from basic to complex |
Cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism |
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Where are protein pumps found? |
In the cell membrane |
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A group of cells that all preform a similar function |
Tissue |
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Group of tissues working together |
Organ |
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Vacuole that contracts rhythmically to pump excess water out of the cell |
Contractile vacuole |
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Who discovered and named cells? |
Hook |
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Who discovered bacteria |
Leeuwenhoek |
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What is the most basic unit of life? |
The cell |
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What does the cell theory state? |
1) All life is made up of cells. 2) cells are the basic unit of structure. 3) cells are made from existing cells |
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Microscope that allows light to pass through a specimen and uses two lenses to form an image |
Light microscope |
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Lens of a microscope located just above the specimen |
Objective lens |
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2nd microscope lens that magnifies |
Ocular lens |
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Microscope that uses beams of electrons focused by magnetic fields. |
Electron microscope |
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What are the two types of electron microscope? |
Transmission and scanning |
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Large membrane-enclosed structure that contains genetic materials and controls the cell's activities |
Nucleus |
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The part of the cell outside of the nucleus |
Cytoplasm |
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Specialized structure that preforms a cellular structure. |
Organelle |
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An area inside the nucles where ribosomes assembly begins |
Nucleolus |
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Organelle that stores materials |
Vacuoles |
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Organelle that stores and moves materials between organelles |
Vesicle |
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Organelle that breaks down macromolecules into molecules that can be used by the cell |
Lysosomes |
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Organelle that keeps internal organization and transports materials to different parts of the cell |
Cytoskeleton |
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What gives the cell its shape? |
The cytoskeleton |
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Organelle where proteins are made and transported |
Endoplasmic recticulum |
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Type of ER that synthesizes proteins |
Rough ER |
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Type of ER that transports protein to the golgi apparatus |
Smooth ER |
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Organelle that modifies, sorts, and packages protein for the storage or release out of the cell |
Golgi apparatus |
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Organelle that captures the energy of sunlight and converts it into food |
Chloroplast |
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Organelle that converts chemical energy into more convenient compounds |
Mitochondria |
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Process in which molecules pass through special protein channels |
Facilitated diffusion |
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Water channel protein that allows wafer to pass through |
Aquaporin |
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Pressure applied to prevent osmotic movement |
Osmotic pressure |
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What are the two types of bulk transport? |
Edocytosis and exocytosis |
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Type of transport in which material is brought into the cell by using pockets in the cell membrane |
Endocytosis |
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Type of edocytosis in which materials are packaged within a food molecule |
Phagocytosis |
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The release of materials from the cell |
Exocytosis |
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The movement of materials against a concentration difference |
Active transport |
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What type of microscopes were first made? |
Light microscopes |
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Who concluded that cells only come from other cells? |
Rudolph Butcher |
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What are cell membranes made of? |
Phospholipids |
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Internal balance |
Homeostasis |
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What are the right characteristics a living thing must exhibit? |
Cell(s), growth, death, reproduces, energy, DNA, responds to the environment, and homeostasis |
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What is the scientific unit of measurement for length? |
Meter |
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What is the scientific unit of measurement for volume? |
Liter |
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What is the scientific unit of measurement for mass? |
Gram |
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What is the metric system based on? |
The number ten |
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The smallest unit of matter |
Atom |
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What are the three parts of an atom? |
Protons, neutrons, and electrons. |
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What determines the element of an atom? |
The number of protons |
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Energy level that determines how an atom behaves when encountering other atoms |
Electron shell |
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How many electrons can the first electron shell hold? |
Two |
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How many electrons can each electron shell after the first hold? |
Eight |
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Rule that states that atoms gain, lose, or share electrons so that they can have a full valence shell |
Octet rule |
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Outermost electron shell |
Valence shell |
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What determines the reactivity of an atom? |
Valence shell |
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What organizes the known elements? |
The periodic table |
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What are the two types of electron configuration models? |
Borh and Lewis dot |
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What type of electron configuration model is this? |
Bohr |
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What type of electron configuration model is this? |
Lewis dot |
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The number of protons equals... |
The number of electrons |
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The number of protons and number of electrons put together |
Atomic mass |
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Forms of an atoms with a different number of neutrons |
Isotopes |
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Formation of ions because of gained or lost electrons. |
Ionic bond |
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What are the special properties of ionic bonds |
They disolve well in water and conduct electricity |
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Sharing electrons between elements |
Covalent bond |
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What is the strongest type of bond? |
Covalent |
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Electrons that are shared between elements |
Bonding pair |
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Substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements |
Chemical compound |
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An attraction between oppositely charged regions of nearby molecules |
Van der Waals forces |
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A bond between a hydrogen atom and another atom |
Hydrogen bond |
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An attraction between molecules of the same substance |
Cohesion |
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An attraction between molecules of different substances |
Adhesion |
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A combination of what two things results in capillary action? |
Adhesion and cohesion |
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What causes surface tension? |
Cohesion |
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Material composed of two or more elements or compounds that are physically, but not chemically, mixed |
Mixture |
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What are two types of mixtures? |
Solutions and suspension |
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Mixture in which all components are evenly distributed |
Solution |
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Substance that is disolved |
Solute |
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The substance in which the solute is disolved |
Solvent |
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When a given amount of water has dissolved all of the solute it can |
Saturation |
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Mixtures in which materials are kelt suspended |
Suspensions |
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What number is water on the phone scale? |
7 |
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What is the range of numbers in the pH scale? |
1 to 14 |
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Weak acids or bases that can react with strong acids or bases to prevent sharp, sudden changes in pH |
Buffers |
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Single sugar molecule |
Monosaccharide |
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A string of sugar molecules |
Polysaccharides |
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Process that changes one set of chemicals into another |
Chemical reactions |
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Elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction |
Reactants |
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Elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction |
Products |
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Energy needed to get a reaction started |
Activation energy |
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Biological catalysts |
Enzymes |
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Substance that speeds up rate of a chemical reaction |
Catalyst |
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The reactants of enzyme-catalyzed reactions |
Substrates |
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Where the substrate binds to the enzyme |
Activation site |
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What can affect the activity of enzymes? |
Temperature, pH, and regulatory molecules |
