First Aid Pathology Ca Dz-S & Associations

Front 1

The intrinsic pathway of apoptosis involves Bax which is ___-apoptotic and Bcl-2 which is ____-apoptotic. Changes in proportions of anti- and pro-apoptotic facts lead to increased mitochondria permeability and cytochrome c release

Back 1

Bax- pro, Bcl-2 = anti

Front 2

The brain, bacterial abscess, and pleural effusions are considered ____ necrosis

Back 2

liquefactive

Front 3

TB and systemic fungi infections cause ____ necrosis

Back 3

caseous

Front 4

The pancreas via saponification goes through ____ necrosis

Back 4

fatty

Front 5

Blood vessel go through ____ necrosis

Back 5

fibrinoid

Front 6

This type of necrosis is common in the limbs and GI tract

Back 6

gangrenous necrosis

Front 7

Is cell injury caused by fatty change reversible?

Back 7

Yes

Front 8

Is cell injury that results in nuclear pyknosis, karyolysis (nuclear fading) and karyorrhexis (nuclear fragmentation) reversible or irreversible?

Back 8

irreversible

Front 9

Is plasma membrane damage to the cell, lysosomal rupture and mitochondrial permeability reversible or irreversible modes of cell injury?

Back 9

irreversible

Front 10

What are some organs that are susceptible to hypoxia?

Back 10

heart (subendocardial tissue), kidney, neurons, liver (area around central vein), watershed areas (splenic flexure, ACA/MCA)

Front 11

Infarctions of the lung, liver or intestine are red or white infarctions?

Back 11

red

Hint 11

Infarctions are divided into 2 types according to the amount of blood present:

White infarctions (anemic infarcts) affect solid organs such as the spleen, heart and kidneys wherein the solidity of the tissue substantially limits the amount of nutrients (blood/oxygen/glucose/fuel) that can flow into the area of ischemic necrosis. Similar occlusion to blood flow and consequent necrosis can occur as a result of severe vasoconstriction as illustrated in severe Raynaud's phenomenon that can lead to irreversible gangrene.

Front 12

Reperfusion injury is due to damage by ____

Back 12

free radicals

Front 13

The heart, kidney, and spleen undergo red or white infarction?

Back 13

white

Explain defintion =

Hint 13

Red infarctions
(hemorrhagic infarcts),
generally affect the lungs or other loose organs
(testis, ovary, small intestines).

The occlusion consists more of red blood cells and fibrin strands. Characteristics of red infarcts include:

-occlusion of a vein
-loose tissues that allow blood to collect in the infarcted zone
-tissues with a dual circulatory system
(lung, small intestines)
-tissues previously congested from sluggish venous outflow
-reperfusion (injury) of previously ischemic tissue that is associated with reperfusion-related diseases[6] such as - -
Myocardial infarction,
stroke (cerebral infarction),
shock-resuscitation,
replantation surgery,
frostbite,
burns
organ transplantation

Front 14

Is Hypovolemic/cardiogenic shock high or low output failure?

What happens to the TPR?
Is the patient hot or cold and clammy?

Back 14

low output failure,

increase in TPR,

cold/clammy pt

Front 15

Is septic shock high or low output failure?

What happens to the TPR?

Is the patient hot or cold and clammy?

Back 15

-high output failure,
-decrease in TPR,
-hot patient due to dilated arterioles,
-high venous return

Front 16

Increased pressure such as nephrolithiasis can lead to reduction in the size or number of cells. This is known as ____

Back 16

atrophy

Front 17

Granulation tissue is highly vascularized and ____

Back 17

fibrotic

Front 18

Scarring is ____ deposition resulting in altered structure and function

Back 18

collagen

Front 19

____ inflammation is mediated by neutrophils, eosinophils, and antibody mediated

Back 19

Acute

Front 20

_____ inflammation is mononuclear cell mediated. Associated with blood vessel proliferation, fibrosis. Granuloma: nodular collections of epitheliod macrophages or giant cels

Back 20

Chronic

Front 21

Neutrophils exit from blood vessels at sites of tissue injury via what 4 steps?

Back 21

rolling,
tight binding,
diapedesis,
migration

Front 22

E-selectin and P-selectin is expressed on the vasculature/stroma and is responsible for what stage of leukocyte extravasation?

Back 22

rolling

Hint 22

E-selectin
P-selectin
is expressed on the vasculature/stroma and is responsible for leukocyte extravasation

Front 23

ICAM-1 expressed on the vasculature/stroma and LFA-1 expressed on the leukocyte is responsible for what stage of leukocyte extravasation?

Back 23

tight binding

Hint 23

ICAM-1
expressed on the vasculature/stroma and
LFA-1 expressed on the leukocyte

is responsible for leukocyte extravasation

Front 24

PECAM1 is responsible for what stage of leukocyte extravasation?

Back 24

diapedesis--> leukocyte travels between endothelial cells and exits blood vessel

Hint 24

PECAM1
is responsible for leukocyte extravasation

Front 25

What bacterial products mediate neutrophil chemotaxis?

Name 4

Back 25

C5a,
IL-8,
LTB4,
Kallikrein

Front 26

Free radicals can be eliminated by the enzymes catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, spontaneous decay, or antioxidants (vitamins __, ___ and, ___)

Back 26

A
C
E

Free radicals can be eliminated by the enzymes = 5ct

Hint 26

enzymes catalase
superoxide dismutase
glutathione peroxidase
spontaneous decay
antioxidants

Front 27

CCl4 can cause free radical injury of the _____ leading to necrosis and _____

Back 27

liver,

fatty change

Front 28

Reperfusion after anoxia, especially after thrombolytic therapy can lead to free radical injury. The free radical injury is mostly mediated by _____

Back 28

superoxide

Front 29

What are the three stages of wound healing?

Back 29

inflammatory,
proliferative,
remodeling

Front 30

Fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, endothelial cells, and keratinocytes mediate what phase of wound healing?

Back 30

Proliferative
(2-3 days after wound)

Front 31

This stage of wound healing is characterized by deposition of granulation tissue and collagen, angiogenesis, epithelial cell proliferation, dissolution of clot, and wound contraction

Back 31

Proliferative phase

Front 32

This stage of wound healing is mediated by fibroblasts and is characterized by Type III collagen being replaced by Type I collagen--> leads to increased tensile strength of tissue

Back 32

Remodeling

Front 33

This cytokine produced by macrophages induce and maintain granuloma formation.

Back 33

TNF-alpha, anti-TNF drugs can break down granulomas, leading to disseminated disease

Front 34

Name some granulomatous disease?

Back 34

(Bartonella Henselae) cat scratch Dz
Berylliosis
Crohn's disease
leprosy
histoplasmosis
sarcoidosis
syphilis,
TB

Front 35

Is Transudate or exudate hypocellular and protein poor?

Back 35

transudate

Front 36

Transudate is caused by a ____ in hydrostatic pressure and a ____ in oncotic pressure

Back 36

increase,

decrease

Front 37

Exudate usually occurs due to what two conditions?

Back 37

lymphatic obstruction
or
inflammation

Front 38

Does inflammation and infection cause RBCs to fall at a slower or faster rate within a test tube?

Back 38

faster

Front 39

Infections,
inflammation,
Cancer,
Pregnancy,
SLE
cause the ESR to go up or down?

Back 39

Increase the ESR


What causes ESR to Increaase =
5ct

Hint 39

Infections,
Inflammation,
Cancer,
Pregnancy,
SLE

Front 40

Sickle cell,
polycythemia
CHF
cause the ESR to go up or down?

Back 40

Decrease the ESR


Whst causes a decrease in ESR =
3ct

Hint 40

Sickle cell
polycythemia
CHF

Front 41

What is one of the leading causes of fatality from toxicologic agents in children?

Back 41

Iron poisoining

Front 42

____ poisoning leads to cell death due to peroxidation of membrane lipids. Its symptoms can be acute such as gastric bleeding or chronic such as metabolic acidosis, scarring leading to GI obstruction

Back 42

Iron

Front 43

____ demonstrated via beta-pleated sheets
and
apple-green birefringence of
Congo red stain under polarized light

Back 43

Amyloidosis

Front 44

Amylodosis can be caused by A___, an acute phase reactant

Back 44

AA

Front 45

Transthyretin is derived from A___ and is seen amyloidosis seen in senile cardiac disease

Back 45

AF

Front 46

Amylin is a protein derived from A___ and is an amyloidosis seen in diabetes mellitus type 2

Back 46

AE

Front 47

Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid will produce A-CAL, which is derived from _____, and can cause amyloidosis

Back 47

calcitonin

Front 48

What is the amyloid protein associated with Alzheimer's disease?

Back 48

beta-amyloid derived from =

Hint 48

amyloid precursor protein

Front 49

What is the amyloid protein that is dialysis associated?

Back 49

B2-microglobulin

is associated with =

Hint 49

dialysis

Front 50

Abnormal proliferation of cells with loss of size, shape and orientation is termed ___

Back 50

dysplasia

Front 51

This describes neoplastic cells that have not invaded the basement membrane. There is high nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio and clumped chromatin. Neoplastic cells encompass the entire thickness

Back 51

Carcinoma in situ

Front 52

____plasia is irreversible and describes abnormal cells lacking differentiation, resemble primitive cells of same tissue, often equated with undifferentiated malignant neoplasms. Little or no resemblance to tissue of origin

Back 52

anaplasia

Front 53

____plasia is fibrous tissue formation in response to neoplasm

Back 53

desmoplasia

Front 54

Is grade or stage the degree of cellular differentiation based on histologic appearance of tumor?

Usually graded 1-4 based on degree of differentiation and number of mitoses per high power field; character of tumor itself

Back 54

Grade

Front 55

Does stage or grade have more prognostic value usually?

Back 55

stage

Front 56

Is grade or stage the degree of localization/spread based on site and size of primary lesion, spread to regional lymph nodes, presence of metastases; spread of tumor in a specific patient

Back 56

stage

Front 57

A rhabdomyosarcoma is malignant transformation of ____ muscle

Back 57

skeletal

Front 58

A _____ is malignant transformation of connective tissue

Back 58

fibrosarcoma

Front 59

Is a mature teratoma benign or malignant in a male?

Back 59

malignant

Front 60

The term _____ implies epithelial origin, whereas the term ____ denotes mesenchymal origin. Both terms imply malignancy

Back 60

carcinoma,

sarcoma

Hint 60

epithelial origin

mesenchymal origin

Front 61

Cachexia means =

Back 61

Any general reduction in vitality and strength of body and mind resulting from a debilitating chronic disease

Cachexia is usually mediated by what cytokine?

Hint 61

TNF-alpha
IFN-Y
IL-6

Front 62

Down's syndrome is associated with what neoplasm?

Back 62

ALL

AML

Front 63

Xeroderma pigmentosum and albinism are associated with what neoplasms?

Back 63

-melanoma
-basal cell carcinoma

-especially
squamous cell carcinomas of skin

Front 64

Chronic atrophic gastritis,
pernicious anemia,
postsurgical gastric remnants

are associated with what neoplasms?

Back 64

Gastric adenocarcinoma

Hint 64

Chronic atrophic gastritis,
pernicious anemia,
postsurgical gastric remnants

Front 65

Tuberous sclerosis (facial angiofibroma, seizures, and mental retardation) is associated with what neoplasms?

Back 65

astrocytoma, angiomyolipoma, and cardiac rhabdomyoma

Front 66

Actinic keratosis is associated with what neoplasm?

Back 66

squamous cell carcinoma of skin

Front 67

Barrett's esophagus is associated with what neoplasm?

Back 67

Esophageal adenocarcinoma

Front 68

Plummer-Vinson syndrome
(atrophic glossitis, esophageal webs, anemia; all due to iron deficiency)

is associated with what neoplasm?

Back 68

squamous cell carcinoma of esophagus

aka =

Hint 68

Plummer-Vinson syndrome

Front 69

Cirrhosis (alcoholic, hepatitis B or C) is associated with what neoplasm?

Back 69

hepatocellular carcinoma

Front 70

The condition ulcerative colitis is associated with what neoplasm?

Back 70

colonic adenocarcinoma

Front 71

Paget's disease of the bone is associated with what neoplasm?

Back 71

secondary osteosarcoma and fibrosarcoma

Front 72

Immunodeficiency states predisposed the person to develop what neoplasm?

Back 72

malignant lymphomas

Front 73

AIDS predisposes a person to develop what neoplasms?

Back 73

aggressive malignant lymphomas
(non-Hodgkin's)

Kaposi's sarcoma

Front 74

Autoimmune diseases (Hashimoto's thyroiditis and myasthenia gravis) is associated with what neoplasm?

Back 74

lymphoma

Front 75

Acanthosis nigricans (hyperpigmentation and epidermal thickening) is associated with what neoplasm?

Back 75

visceral malignancy
(stomach, lung, uterus)

Front 76

Dysplastic nevus is associated with what neoplasm?

Back 76

malignant melanoma

Can be seen in what Dyspalstic event =

Hint 76

Dysplastic nevus