First Aid Neurology -- Anatomy & Physiology

Front 1

What is derived from neuroectoderm?
(4)

Back 1

- CNS neurons
- ependymal cells (inner lining of ventricles --> make CSF)
- oligodendroglia
- astrocytes

Front 2

What is derived from neural crest?
(2)

Back 2

- Schwann cells
- PNS neurons

Front 3

What is derived from mesoderm?
(2)

Back 3

- microglia
- macrophages

"Microglia, like Macrophages, originate from Mesoderm"

Front 4

General info on Neurons?

Back 4

- comprise nervous system
- permanent cells --> do not divide in adulthood

- large cells with prominant nucleoli
- Nissl substance (RER) in cell body
- dendrites
- NOT axon

Front 5

General info on Astrocytes?

Back 5

- physical support
- repair
K+ metabolism
- removal of excess NT
- maintenance of blood-brain barrier

- reactive gliosis in response to injury

Front 6

What is the astrocyte marker?

Back 6

GFAP

Front 7

General info on Microglia?

Back 7

- CNS phagocytes

- mesodermal origin
- not readily discernible in Nissl stains
- have small, irregular nuclei and relatively little cytoplasm

- microglia --(tissue damage--> large ameboid phagocytic cells

Front 8

What happens to HIV-infected microglia cells?

Back 8

- they fuse to from multinucleated giant cell in the CNS

Front 9

General info on Oligodendroglia?

Back 9

- each one myelinates multiple CNS axons (up to 30 each)
- in Nissl stains, they appear as small nuclei with dark chromatin and little cytoplasm
- predominant type of glial cell in white matter

Front 10

What cells are destroyed in Multiple Sclerosis?

Back 10

Oligodendrocytes

Front 11

What looks like a fried egg on a H&E stain?

Back 11

Oligodendrocytes

Front 12

General info on Schwann cells?

Back 12

- each one myelinates only 1 PNS axon
- also promote axonal regeneration

- derived from neural crest

Front 13

What cells are destroyed in Guillain-Barre syndrome?

Back 13

Schwann cells

Front 14

Acoustic Neuroma?

Back 14

- type of schwannoma
- typically located in internal acoustic meatuc (CN VIII)

Front 15

Free Nerve Ending types?
(2)

Back 15

1. C -- slow, unmyelinated fibers
2. Aδ -- fast, myelinated fibers

Front 16

Free nerve ending location?
(3)

Back 16

- all skin
- epidermis
- some viscera

Front 17

Free nerve ending senses?
(2)

Back 17

- pain
- temperature

Front 18

Meissner's corpuscles general info?

Back 18

- large, myelinated fibers

Front 19

Meissner's corpuscles location?
(1)

Back 19

- glabrous (hairless) skin

Front 20

Meissner's corpuscles senses?
(3)

Back 20

- position sense
- dynamic touch (ie. manipulation)
- adapt quickly

Front 21

Pacinian corpuscles general info?

Back 21

- large, myelinated fibers

Front 22

Pacinian corpuscles location?
(3)

Back 22

- deep skin layers
- ligaments
- joints

Front 23

Pacinian corpuscles senses?
(2)

Back 23

- vibration
- pressure

Front 24

Merkel's disks general info?

Back 24

- large, myelinated fibers

Front 25

Merkel's disks location?
(1)

Back 25

- hair follicles

Front 26

Merkel's disks senses?
(3)

Back 26

- position sense
- static touch (ie. shapes, edges, textures)
- adapt slowly

Front 27

Endoneurium

Back 27

- invest single nerve fiber

- inflammatory infiltrate in Guillain-Barre

Front 28

Perineurium

Back 28

- Permeability barrier

- surrounds a fascicle of nerve fibers

- must be rejoined in microsurgery for limb reattachment

Front 29

Epineurium

Back 29

- dense connective tissue that surrounds entire nerve (fascicles and blood vessels)

Front 30

NE and anxiety?

Back 30

- NE is INCREASED in anxiety

Front 31

NE and depression?

Back 31

- NE is DECREASED in depression

Front 32

Dopamine and schizophrenia?

Back 32

- dopamine is INCREASED in schizophrenia

Front 33

Dopamine and Parkinson's?

Back 33

- dopamine is DECREASED in Parkinson's (and depression)

Front 34

Dopamine and depression?

Back 34

- dopamine is DECREASED in depression (and Parkinson's)

Front 35

5-HT and anxiety?

Back 35

- 5-HT is DECREASED in anxiety (and depression)

Front 36

5-HT and depression?

Back 36

- 5-HT is DECREASED in depression (and anxiety)

Front 37

ACh and Alzheimer's?

Back 37

- ACh is DECREASED in Alzheimer's (and Huntington's and REM sleep)

Front 38

ACh and Huntington's?

Back 38

- ACh is DECREASED in Huntington's (and Alzheimer's and REM sleeep)

Front 39

ACh and REM sleep?

Back 39

- ACh is DECREASED in REM sleep (and Alzheimer's and Huntington's)

Front 40

GABA and anxiety?

Back 40

- GABA is DECREASED in anxiety (and Huntington's)

Front 41

GABA and Huntington's?

Back 41

- GABA is DECREASED in Huntington's (and anxiety)

Front 42

Where is NE synthesized?

Back 42

Locus ceruleus

Front 43

Where is dopamine synthesized?

Back 43

Ventral tegmentum and SNc

Front 44

Where is 5-HT synthesized?

Back 44

Raphe nucleus

Front 45

Where is ACh synthesized?

Back 45

Basal nucleus of Meynert

Front 46

Where is GABA synthesized?

Back 46

Nucleus accumbens

Front 47

What area of the brain makes NT in response to stress and panic?

Back 47

- Locus ceruleus --> NE

Front 48

What is the reward center, pleasure, addiction, fear center of the brain?

Back 48

Nucleus accumbens and Septal nucleus

Front 49

What NT are INCREASED in anxiety?
(1)

Back 49

- NE

Front 50

What NT are DECREASED in anxiety?
(2)

Back 50

- 5-HT
- GABA

Front 51

What NT are DECREASED in depression?
(3)

Back 51

- NE
- dopamine
- 5-HT

Front 52

What NT are DECREASED in Parkinson's?
(1)

Back 52

- dopamine

Front 53

What NT are DECREASED in Alzheimer's?
(1)

Back 53

- Ach

Front 54

What NT are DECREASED in Huntington's?
(2)

Back 54

- ACh
- GABA

Front 55

What NT are DECREASED in REM sleep?
(1)

Back 55

- ACh

Front 56

What 3 structures form the blood-brain barrier (BBB)?

Back 56

1. Tight junctions between nonfenestrated capillary endothelial cells
2. Basement membrane
3. Astrocyte processes

Front 57

What crosses the BBB slowly by carrier-mediated transport mechanism?
(2)

Back 57

- glucose
- amino acids

Front 58

What crosses the BBB rapidly via diffusion?)

Back 58

- nonpolar/lipid-soluble substances

Front 59

A few specialized brain regions with fenestrated capillaries and no BBB allow what?
(2)

Back 59

1. they allow molecules in the blood to affect brain function (ie. area postrema --> vomiting after chemo; OVLT --> osmotic sensing)

2. they allow neurosecretory products to enter circulation (ie. neurohypophysis --> ADH release)

Front 60

What are the 3 blood barriers?

Back 60

1. blood-brain barrier
2. blood-testis barrier
3. maternal-fetal blood barrier of placenta

Front 61

What does a brain infarction destroy? And what does this lead to?

Back 61

- endothelial cell tight junctions

- leads to vasogenic edema

Front 62

What does the Hypothalamus do?

Back 62

"TAN HATS"

- Thirst and water balance
- Adenohypophysis control
- Neurohypophysis releases hormones from hypothalamus

- Hunger
- Autonomic regulation
- Temperature regulation
- Sexual urges

Front 63

Inputs to the hypothalamus?
(2)

Back 63

- OVLT (senses change in osmolarity)

- area postrema (responds to emetics)

Front 64

What makes ADH?

Back 64

Supraoptic nucleus

Front 65

Where is the supraoptic nucleus found?

Back 65

Hypothalamus

Front 66

What makes oxytocin?

Back 66

Paraventricular nucleus

Front 67

Where is the paraventricular nucleus found?

Back 67

Hypothalamus

Front 68

What does the lateral area of the hypothalamus do?

Back 68

controls hunger

Front 69

Destruction of the lateral area of the hypothalamus leads to?

Back 69

- Anorexia
- failure to thrive (infants)

"If you zap your LATERAL nucleus, you shrink LATERALLY"

Front 70

What inhibits the lateral area of the hypothalamus?

Back 70

Leptin --> don't feel hungry

Front 71

What does the ventromedial area of the hypothalamus do?

Back 71

controls satiety

Front 72

Dextruction of the ventromedial area of the hypothalamus (ie. craniopharyngioma) causes what?

Back 72

Hyperphagia

"If you zap your VENTROMEDIAL nucleus, your grow VENTRALLY and MEDIALLY"

Front 73

What stimulates the ventromedial area of the hypothalamus ?

Back 73

Leptin --> feel full

Front 74

What does the Anterior hypothalamus control? And is it controlled via sympathetics or parasympathetics?

Back 74

- cooling

- pArasympathetic

"Anterior nucleus = Cool off"
(A/C = Anterior Cooling)

Front 75

What does the posterior hypothalamus control? And is it controlled via sympathetics or parasympathetics?

Back 75

- heating

- sympathetic

"posterior nucleus = get fired up"

"If you zap your Posterior hypothalamus, you become a Poikilotherm (cold-blooded, like a snake)"

Front 76

What does the Septal nucleus control?

Back 76

Sexual urgers

Front 77

Where is the septal nucleus located?

Back 77

Hypothalamus

Front 78

What does the suprachiasmatic nucleus control?

Back 78

Circadian rhythm

"You need SLEEP to be CHARISMATIC (chiasmatic)"

Front 79

Where is the suprachiasmatic nucleus located?

Back 79

Hypothalamus

Front 80

What are all the areas of the hypothalamus and what do they do?
(8)

Back 80

1. Supraoptic nucleus -- makes ADH
2. Paraventricular nucleus -- makes oxytocin
3. Lateral area -- hunger
4. Ventomedial area -- satiety
5. Anterior hypo -- cooling
6. Posterior hypo -- heating
7. Septal nucleus -- Sexual urges
8. Suprachiasmatic nucleus -- circadian rhythm

Front 81

Posterior pituitary aka?

Back 81

Neurohypophysis

Front 82

What does the posterior pituitary do?

Back 82

- receives hypothalamic axonal projections from supraoptic (ADH) and paraventricular (oxytocin) nuclei

Front 83

Anterior pituitary aka?

Back 83

Adenohypophysis

Front 84

Oxytocin

Back 84

- made by paraventricular nuclei of hypothalamus

- oxys = quick
- tocos = birth

Front 85

What does the Thalamus do?

Back 85

- major relay for ascending sensory information that ultimately reaches the cortex

Front 86

What does the Lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) control?

Back 86

- visual

- projects via optic radiations to occipital cortex

"Lateral for Light"

Front 87

Where is the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) located?

Back 87

Thalamus

Front 88

What does the Medial geniculate nucleus (MGN) control?

Back 88

- auditory

"Medial for Music"

Front 89

Where is the medial geniculate nucleus (MGN) located?

Back 89

Thalamus

Front 90

What does the ventral posterior nucleus, lateral part (VPL) do?

Back 90

- body sensation (proprioception, pressure, pain, tough, vibration via dorsal columns, spinothalamic tract)

Front 91

Where is the ventral posterior nucleus, lateral part (VPL) located?

Back 91

Thalamus

Front 92

What does the ventral posterior nucleus, medial part (VPM) do?

Back 92

- facial sensation (via CNV)

"You put Makeup on your face, and the sensory info is relayed through the VPM"

Front 93

Where is the ventral posterior nucleus, medial part (VPM) located?

Back 93

Thalamus

Front 94

What does the ventral anterior/lateral (VA/VL) nuclei do?

Back 94

- motor

"Motor is anterior to sensation in the thalamus, just like the cortex"

Front 95

Where is the ventral anterior/lateral (VA/VL) nuclei located?

Back 95

Thalamus

Front 96

Blood supply to the thalamus?

Back 96

- posterior communicating artery
- posterior cerebral artery
- ICA (anterior choroidal arteries)

Front 97

What all does the LImbic system include?
(4)

Back 97

- cingulate gyrus
- hippocampus
- fornix
- mammillary bodies

Front 98

What all is the Limbic system responsible for?
(5)

Back 98

"The Famous 5 F's"

- Feeding, Fighting, Fleeing, Feeling, and Fucking

Front 99

What info does the cerebellum receive?

Back 99

- receives CONTRAlateral cortical input via middle cerebellar peduncle

- receives IPSIlateral proprioceptive info via inferior cerebellar peduncle

Front 100

What are the input nerves to the cerebellum?

Back 100

- climbing and mossy fibers

Front 101

What does the cerebellum do?

Back 101

- provides stimulatory feedback to CONTRAlateral cortex to modulate movement

Front 102

What are the output nerves from the cerebellum?

Back 102

- Purkinje fibers output to deep nuclei of cerebellum --> which in turn output to cortex via superior cerebellar peduncle

Front 103

What are the deep nuclei of the cerebellum?

Back 103

Lateral to Medial:
- Dentate
- Emboliform
- Globose
- Fastigial

"Don't Eat Greasy Foods"

Front 104

What does the lateral cerebellum control?

Back 104

- voluntary movement of extremities

Front 105

What does the medial cerebellum control?

Back 105

- balance
- truncal coordination
- ataxia
- propensity to fall toward injured (IPSIlateral) side

Front 106

In what areas is the basal ganglia important?
(2)

Back 106

- voluntary movements
- making postural adjustments

Front 107

SNc

Back 107

- Substantia nigra pars compacta

- part of the basal ganglia

Front 108

SNr

Back 108

- Substantia nigra pars reticulata

- part of the basal ganglia

Front 109

GPe

Back 109

- Globus pallidus externus

- part of the basal ganglia

Front 110

GPi

Back 110

- Glubus pallidus internus

- part of the basal ganglia

Front 111

STN

Back 111

- Subthalamic nucleus

- part of the basal ganglia

Front 112

D1

Back 112

- Dopamine D1 receptor
- excitatory

"D1-R = D1Rect pathway"

- part of the basal ganglia

Front 113

D2

Back 113

- Dopamine D2 receptor
- inhibitory

"Indirect = Inhibitory"

- part of the basal ganglia

Front 114

Excitatory pahtway of the basal ganglia?

Back 114

- SNc's dopamine binds to D1 receptors in thexcitatory pathway --> stimulating the excitatory pathway (increases motion)

- therefore, loss of dopamine in Parkinson's inhibits the excitatory pathway (decreased motion)

Front 115

Inhibitory pathway of the basal ganglia?

Back 115

- SNc's dopamine binds to D2 receptors in the inhibitory pathway --> inhibiting the inhibitory pathway (double negative) (increased motion)

- therefore, losss of dapamine in Parkinson's excites (ie. disinhibits) the inhibitory pathway ( decreased motion)

Front 116

What is Parkinson's disease?

Back 116

- a degenerative disorder or CNS

Front 117

What is Parkinson's disease associated with (microscopically)?
(2)

Back 117

- Lewy bodies (composed of α-synuclein --> intacellular inclusion)

- depigmentation of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) --> loss of dopaminergic neurons

Front 118

Rare cases of Parkinson's disease have been linked to what?

Back 118

- exposure to MPTP --> a contaminant in illicit street drugs

Front 119

What symptoms do you see in Parkinson's disease?
(4)

Back 119

"TRAP"

- Tremor (at rest -- ie. pill-rollong tremor)
- cogwheel Rigidity
- Akinesia
- Postural instability

"you are TRAPped in your body"

Front 120

What is hemiballismus?

Back 120

- sudden, wild flailing of 1 arm +/- leg

"Half ballistic (as in throwing a baseball)"

Front 121

What is hemiballismus characteristic of?

Back 121

- contralateral subthalamic nucleus lesion (ie. lacunar stroke in pt. with a history of HTN)

- loss of inhibition of thalamus through globus pallidus

Front 122

What is Huntington's disease?

Back 122

- an autosomal dominant trinucleotide repeat disorder
- expansion of CAG repeats (anticipation)

"CAG = Caudate loses Ach and Gaba"

Front 123

On what chromosome is the trinucleotide repeat found in Huntington's disease?

Back 123

Chromosome 4

Front 124

What happens in Huntington's disease?

Back 124

Neuronal death via:

- NMDA-R binding
- glutamate toxicity

Front 125

What symptoms do you see in Huntington's disease?
(3)

Back 125

- Chorea (quick movements of feet of hands)
- Depression
- Progressive Dementia

Front 126

When do symptoms manifest in Huntington's disease?

Back 126

- between the ages of 20 and 50

Front 127

What do you see on MRI in Huntington's disease?

Back 127

- atrophy of caudate nucleus (loss of GABA)
- atrophy of putamen

- enlarged lateral ventricles
- defined sulci

- p. 397

Front 128

What is chorea?

Back 128

- sudden, jerky, pruposeless movements (of hands and feet)

- Chorea = dancing (Greek)
"Think choral dancing or choreography"

Front 129

Chorea is characteristic of what?

Back 129

- basal ganglia lesion (ie. Huntington's)

Front 130

What is athetosis?

Back 130

- slow, writhing movements, especially of fingers

- Athetos = not fixed (Greek)
"Think snakelike"

Front 131

Athetosis is characteristic of what?

Back 131

- basal ganglia lesion (ie. Huntington's)

Front 132

What is myoclonus?

Back 132

- sudden, brief muscle contraction

- jerks, hiccups

Front 133

What is dystonia?

Back 133

- sustained, involuntary muscle contractions

- writer's cramp

Front 134

What is an Essential/Postural tremor?

Back 134

- action tremor (worsens when holding posture)

- autosomal dominant

- essential trmor pts. often self-medicate with alcohol, which decreases tremor

Front 135

What is the treatment for essential/postural tremor?

Back 135

- β-blockers

Front 136

What is a Resting tremor?

Back 136

- most noticeable distally
- seen in Parkinson's pts (pill-rolling tremor)

Front 137

What is an Intention tremor?

Back 137

- slow, zig-zag motion when pointing toward a target
- associated with cerebellar dysfunction

Front 138

Cerebral Cortex functions:
Frontal Lobe (4)

Back 138

- Motor speech (Broca's area; dominant hemishpere)
- Frontal eye fields
- Premotor area (part of extrapyramidal circuit)
- Principle motor area

Front 139

Cerebral Cortex functions:
Parietal Lobe (1)

Back 139

- Principal sensory areas

Front 140

Cerebral Cortex functions:
Occipital Lobe (1)

Back 140

- Prnicipal visual cortex

Front 141

Cerebral Cortex functions:
Temporal Lobe (2)

Back 141

- Primary auditory cortex (Heschl's gyrus)
- Associative auditory cortex (Wernicke's area; dominant hemisphere)

Front 142

What does the arcuate fasciculus connect?

Back 142

- Wernicke's area (associative auditory complex) and Broca's area (motor speech)

Front 143

Frontal Lobe functions
(9)

Back 143

"Executive Functions"

1. planning
2. inhibition
3. concentration
4. orientation
5. language
6. abstraction
7. judgement
8. motor regulation
9. mood

Front 144

What is most noticible symptom in frontal lobe lesions?

Back 144

- lack of social judgement

"Damage = Disinhibition (ie. Phineas Gage)"

Front 145

What is the homunculus?

Back 145

- a topographical representation of sensory and motor areas in the cerebral cortex

Front 146

What is the homunculus used for?

Back 146

- used to localize lesions (ie. in blood supply) leading to specific defects

- for example, lower extremity deficit in sensation or movement may indicate involvement of the anterior cerebral artery

Front 147

Brain Lesion Consequences:

Amygdala (bilateral)
(3)

Back 147

Kluver-Bucy syndrome:

- hyperorality
- hypersexuality
- disinhibited behavior

Front 148

Brain Lesion Consequences:

Frontal Lobe
(5)

Back 148

- disinhibition
- deficits in concentration, orientation, and judgement

- may have reemergence of primitive reflexes

Front 149

Brain Lesion Consequences:

Right parietal lobe
(1)

Back 149

- Spatial neglect syndrome (agnosia of the contralateral side of the world)

Front 150

Brain Lesion Consequences:

Reticular activating system (midbrain)
(1)

Back 150

- reduced levels of arousal and wakefulness (ie. coma)

Front 151

Brain Lesion Consequences:

Mammillary bodies (bilateral)
(6)

Back 151

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

- Wernicke --> confusion, ophthalmoplegia, ataxia

- Korsakoff --> memory loss, confabulation, personality changes

Front 152

Brain Lesion Consequences:

Basal ganglia
(3)

Back 152

- tremor at rest
- chorea
- athetosis

Front 153

Brain Lesion Consequences:

Cerebellar hemisphere
(2)

Back 153

- intention tremor
- limb ataxia

- damage to the cerebemmum results in IPSI deficits
- fall toward side of lesion
- cerebellum --> SCP --> contralateral cortex --> corticospinal decussation = IPSI

"Cerebellar hemispheres are LATERALLY located --> affect LATERAL limbs"

Front 154

Brain Lesion Consequences:

Cerebellar vermis
(2)

Back 154

- truncal ataxia
- dysarthria

"Vermis is CENTRALLY located --> affects CENTRAL body"

Front 155

Brain Lesion Consequences:

Subthalamic nucleus
(1)

Back 155

- CONTRA hemiballismus

Front 156

Brain Lesion Consequences:

Hippocampus
(1)

Back 156

- anterograde amnesia (inability to make new memories)

Front 157

Brain Lesion Consequences:

Paramedian pontine reticular formation (PPRF)
(1)

Back 157

- eyes look AWAY from side of lesion

Front 158

Brain Lesion Consequences:

Frontal eye fields
(1)

Back 158

- eyes look TOWARD lesion

Front 159

What symptoms do you see in Central Pontine Myelinolysis?
(5)

Back 159

- acute paralysis
- dysarthria
- dysphagia
- diplopia
- loss of consciousness

Front 160

What commonly causes Central Pontine Myelinolysis?

Back 160

- very rapid correction of hyponatremia

Front 161

What happens with a recurrent laryngeal nerve injury?

Back 161

- loss of all laryngeal muscle except cricothyroid

Front 162

What symptom do you see in recurrent laryngeal nerve injury?

Back 162

- hoarseness

Front 163

What is aphasia?

Back 163

- higher-order inability to speak

Front 164

What is dysarthria?

Back 164

- motor inability to speak

Front 165

What is Broca's aphasia?

Back 165

- NONFLUENT aphasia with intact comprehension

"BROca's BROken BOCA"

Front 166

Where is Broca's area?

Back 166

- inferior frontal gyrus of frontal lobbe

Front 167

What is Wernicke's aphasia?

Back 167

- FLUENT aphasia with impaired comprehension

"Wernicke's is Wordy but makes no sense!"

"Wernicke's = What?"

Front 168

Where is Wernicke's area?

Back 168

- superior temporal gyrus of temporal lobe

Front 169

What is global aphasia?

Back 169

- NONFLUENT aphasi with impaird comprehension

- BOTH Broca's and Wernicke's areas affected

Front 170

What is conduction aphasia?

Back 170

- poor repetition but FLUENT speech
- intact comprehension
- Arcuate fasciculus -- connects Broca's and Wernicke's areas

Front 171

What does the anterior cerebral artery supply?

Back 171

- supplies anteromedial surface

Front 172

What does the middle cerebral artery supply?

Back 172

- supplies lateral surface

Front 173

What does the posterior cerebral artery supply?

Back 173

- supplies posterior and inferior surfaces

Front 174

Associated area/deficit for:

Anterior spinal artery
(3)

Back 174

Medial medullary syndrome

- CONTRA hemiparesis (lower extremities)
- medial lemniscus (decreased CONTRA proprioception)
- IPSI paralysis of hypoglossal nerve

Front 175

Associated area/deficit for:

PICA
(12)

Back 175

Lateral medullay syndrome (aka Wallenberg's)

- CONTRA loss of pain and temperature
- IPSI dysphagia
- hoarseness
- decreased gag reflex
- vertigo
- diplopia
- nystagmus
- vomiting
- IPSI Horner's
- IPSI facial pain and temperature
- trigeminal nucleus (spinal tract and nucleus)
- IPSI ataxia

Front 176

Associated area/deficit for:

AICA
(5)

Back 176

Lateral inferior pontine syndrome

- IPSI facial paralysis
- IPSI cochlear nucleus
- vestibular (nystagmus)
- IPSI facial pain and temperature
- IPSI dystaxia (MCP, ICP)

Front 177

Associated area/deficit for:

Posterior cerebral artery
(1)

Back 177

- CONTRA homonymous hemianopia with macular sparing
- supplies occipital cortex

Front 178

Associated area/deficit for:

Middle cerebral artery
(3)

Back 178

- CONTRA face and arm paralysis and sensory loss
- aphasia (dominant sphere)
- left-sided neglect

Front 179

Associated area/deficit for:

Anterior cerebral artery
(2)

Back 179

- supplies medial surface of the brain
- leg-foot area of motor and sensory cortices

Front 180

Associated area/deficit for:

Anterior communicating artery
(1)

Back 180

- lesion may cause visual field defects

Front 181

What is the most common site of circle of Willis aneurysms?

Back 181

Anterior communicating artery

Front 182

Associated area/deficit for:

Posterior communicating artery
(3)

Back 182

- common area of aneurysm

- causes CN III palsy

Front 183

Associated area/deficit for:

Lateral striate
(4)

Back 183

- divisions of middle cerebral artery

Supplies:
- internal capsule
- caudate
- putamen
- globus pallidus

"Arteries of Stroke"

Front 184

An infarct of the posterior limb of the internal capsule causes what?

Back 184

- pure motor hemiparesis

Front 185

Associated area/deficit for:

Watershed zones
(2)

Back 185

Between:
- anterior cerebral / middle cerebral
- posterior cerebral / middle cerebral

Front 186

Damage to watershed zones in severe hypotension leads to?

Back 186

- upper leg / upper arm weakness
- defects in higher-order visual processing

Front 187

Associated area/deficit for:

Basilar artery
(1)

Back 187

- infarct causees "locked-in syndrome"
- CN III is typically intact

Front 188

Associated area/deficit for:

in general, stroke of anterior circle
(2)

Back 188

- general sensory and motor dysfunction
- aphasia

Front 189

Associated area/deficit for:

in general, stroke of posterior circle
(4)

Back 189

Cranial nerve deficits
- vertigo
- visual deficits

- coma
- cerebellar deficits (ataxia)

- Dominant hemisphere --> ataxia
- Nondominant hemisphere --> neglect

Front 190

Where do Berry aneurysms occur?

Back 190

- at the bifurcations in the circle of Willis

Front 191

Most common site of Berry aneurysms?

Back 191

- the bifurcation of the anterior communicating artery

Front 192

Most common complication of Berry aneurysms and what that leads to?

Back 192

- Rupture --> leads to hemorrhagic stroke/subarachnoid hemorrhage

Front 193

What diseases/syndromes are Berry aneurysms associated with?
(3)

Back 193

- adult polycystic kidney disease
- Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
- Marfan's syndrome

Front 194

Other risk factors for Berry aneurysms?
(4)

Back 194

- advanced age
- HTN
- smoking
- race (higher risk in blacks)

Front 195

What are Charcot-Bouchard microaneurysms associated with?

Back 195

- chronic HTN

Front 196

What do Charcot-Bouchard microaneurysms affect?

Back 196

- small vessels (ie. in basal ganglia, thalamus)