Fine Arts - Chapter 7

Front 1

Types of Religious Art:

Back 1

- Early Christian Art
- Byzantine Art
- Islamic Faith and Art
- Early Medieval Art

Front 2

With the emergence of ____________ in the European continent, there was a change in the kind of art produced

Back 2

Christianity

Front 3

During the Greek and Roman period before the birth of Christ, art had been realistic. But, the early Christians were more concerned with ________ ______________

Back 3

symbolic representation

Front 4

When the Christian religion first began it was outlawed in the _____ ______

Back 4

Roman Empire

Front 5

Christianity eventually became the official religion of the Roman Empire in ___ __

Back 5

313 AD

Front 6

Before the spread of Christianity, Romans had painted figures and scenes that were _______ and _________

Back 6

natural and realistic

Front 7

Figures and objects suggest people and events of _________ __________ and realism was not the goal of these artists

Back 7

religious importance

Front 8

Christian artists first borrowed symbols from the ______ around them

Back 8

Romans

Front 9

_____ _______ became the symbol for immorality

Back 9

Juno's peacock

Front 10

The _______ became the symbol for Christ's resurrection

Back 10

Phoenix

Front 11

The _____ later became the dominant Christian symbol

Back 11

cross

Front 12

In the fourth century, Christianity gained approval when Emperor ___________ made it the state religion

Back 12

Constantine

Front 13

Early Christian art was ________

Back 13

symbolic

Front 14

Earliest surviving art is found on frescoed walls of ________ _______ ____

Back 14

catacombs outside Rome

Front 15

Acceptance of Christianity as a state religion created a need for new ____________

Back 15

architecture

Front 16

Large sculptures were not made during the early Christian period, but artists did produce small pieces of _________ _____________

Back 16

exquisite craftsmanship

Front 17

Artists sculpted ______ _______

Back 17

relief carvings

Front 18

The _________ _______ was a fine example of the blend of Classical style and Christian beliefs

Back 18

Archangel Michael

Front 19

In Italy, ____ became the center of Christian activities

Back 19

Rome

Front 20

The earliest surviving Christian art are frescos that decorate the ceilings and walls of chapels within the _________

Back 20

catacombs

Front 21

The _____ _________ (civic buildings) seemed to fit the requirement and was ideally suited for Christian worship

Back 21

Roman basilicas

Front 22

The early Christian basilica was a:

Back 22

long brick building with a timber roof

Front 23

Connected to the front of the building was an ______ (a courtyard) with a covered walkway around it

Back 23

atrium

Front 24

The greatest basilica was ___ __ ______ in Rome

Back 24

Old St. Peter's

Front 25

It was torn down during the ___________ to make way for the current huge basilica of St. Peter's in the Vatican

Back 25

Renaissance

Front 26

The inside of most Christian basilicas were highly decorated, which symbolized the ________ __ ______

Back 26

richness of spirit

Front 27

_______, ____ _______ _____, ______ _______, and _______ _______ are all items that can be found inside

Back 27

Mosaics, gold covered walls, marble designs, and granite columns

Front 28

The exteriors were _____ _____

Back 28

plain brick

Front 29

Little _________ was produced in the early Christian Church, and much of it has been destroyed

Back 29

sculpture

Front 30

___ ____ ________ is a freestanding sculpture in the Roman style and it was one of the last Christian works that adheres to naturalism rather than stressing the symbolic nature of its subject

Back 30

The Good Shepherd

Front 31

The _______ __ _______ is an example of metalwork

Back 31

Chalice of Antioch

Front 32

The carved and footed shell has a figure of ______ depicted on each side

Back 32

Christ

Front 33

The eagle on one side and the rosettes at the top are signs of ___________

Back 33

immortality

Front 34

After the death of Constantine in 337, the Roman Empire was split into _______ and _______ _______

Back 34

Eastern and Western Empires

Front 35

The ____ went into a steady decline and Rome lost its power

Back 35

West

Front 36

The _______ ______ gained great political strength

Back 36

Eastern Empire

Front 37

In 527, Justinian ascended the throne of the Eastern Roman Empire, otherwise known as the _________ ______

Back 37

Byzantine Empire

Front 38

Justinian's reign began the "______ ___" of Byzantine culture and art

Back 38

Golden Age

Front 39

Under Justinian's reign, a number of important and beautiful ______ ________ were constructed

Back 39

church buildings

Front 40

Many of the Churches are plain brick on the outside and look rather ordinary, however the insides are encrusted with brilliant Byzantine _______

Back 40

mosaics

Front 41

Artists of the early Christian and Byzantine churches conveyed their message of salvation through _______

Back 41

mosaics

Front 42

Roman mosaics had been of polished, colored stone, but Byzantine mosaics were made of ________ _______ _____ (tesserae) pressed into wet plaster

Back 42

brightly colored glass

Front 43

_____ increased the color range of the mosaics and could be made to reflect the light

Back 43

Glass

Front 44

The pieces of glass were set at a slight angle to the surface to create a _________ ______

Back 44

simmering effect

Front 45

The background of gold glass tesserae in the Justinian symbolizes the ________ and __________ of heaven and eliminates any specific spatial reference

Back 45

holiness and perfection

Front 46

Under the reign of Justinian, the large basilica called _____ ______ (Church of the Holy Wisdom) was built in Constantinople

Back 46

Hagia Sophia

Front 47

Hagia Sophia is a monumental structure of completely original design and was created by ___ architects

Back 47

two

Front 48

The unique design combines a long open space (like a basilica) and a __________ ____

Back 48

centralize dome

Front 49

The structural challenge was to place a huge round dome on square supporting walls. Four concave spherical triangles, called __________, are supported by four piers. These units form four arches on the walls and create a continuous circle at their top edge, one which the dome rests

Back 49

pendentives

Front 50

The ___________ provide a graceful transition from square base to round dome

Back 50

pendentives

Front 51

___________ and ____ ____________ became a characteristic construction technique of later Byzantine churches, Renaissance domed buildings, and domed structures in America and the rest of the world

Back 51

Pendentives and dome construction

Front 52

This mammoth work, Hagia Sophia, was completed in less than ___ years

Back 52

six

Front 53

The church was the largest ________ _____ in the world at the time

Back 53

interior space

Front 54

Originally, the interior walls were completely covered with Byzantine mosaics until the _______ converted the church to a mosque and scraped the mosaics from the walls covering them with plaster

Back 54

Moslems

Front 55

Today, Hagia Sophia is not used for worship, but is a huge ______ of Byzantine art

Back 55

museum

Front 56

After 726 the ____________ ___________ disrupted the growth of the Byzantine culture and caused a split in the church

Back 56

Iconoclastic Controversy

Front 57

One one side were the ___________ (a person who criticized or opposes beliefs that are widely accepted), who wanted to destroy religious images, or icons and on the other side of the controversy were those who wanted to keep images in the church

Back 57

iconoclasts

Front 58

In 843 the Byzantine Renaissance, otherwise known as the ______ ______ ___, began

Back 58

Second Golden Age

Front 59

No Byzantine structure rivaled _____ ______ in any way, although smaller churches used many of the features developed in its construction

Back 59

Hagia Sophia

Front 60

The plan of an eastern European church usually was of a _____ _____ (four arms in equal length) contained in a square

Back 60

Greek cross

Front 61

The ____ (the semicircular area at the front of the central section of the church, usually contains the altar) was in one of the arms

Back 61

apse

Front 62

The largest and most lavishly decorated church of the Second Golden Age is:

Back 62

St. Marks's in Venice

Front 63

The church was built in 1063 and built to hold the body of St. Mark, brought from __________

Back 63

Alexandria

Front 64

St. Mark's has the typical Greek cross plan, but in addition to the usual central dome, each arm has a ____ of its own

Back 64

dome

Front 65

The exterior has many mosaics and 2643 colored marble columns brought from Constantinople by _________

Back 65

Crusaders

Front 66

The interior is completely covered with brilliant mosaics of both _________ and ________ _____

Back 66

Byzantine and Venetian glass

Front 67

Byzantine architecture spread over Eastern Europe and into the center of ______

Back 67

Russia

Front 68

The Byzantine excelled with Mosaics and also had a very strong tradition of ________

Back 68

painting

Front 69

Most paintings were _____ (religious images) painted on wooden panels

Back 69

icons

Front 70

_____ were used as worship centers in homes

Back 70

Icons

Front 71

Byzantine painting was ________ and _________

Back 71

colorful and emotional

Front 72

Artists used ___ _______ as their medium

Back 72

egg tempera

Front 73

Many figures were painted against a brilliant ____ __________

Back 73

gold background

Front 74

The _________ _______ ___ _____ is typical of the Byzantine style of work. Meaning and emotion take precedence over the depiction of reality

Back 74

Enthroned Madonna and Child

Front 75

The __________ ________ displays a series of saints with Christ enthroned at the top center between St. John and the Virgin

Back 75

Harbaville Triptych

Front 76

The ________ (three hinged pieces) is an example of portable nature of many works of Byzantine Art

Back 76

Triptych

Front 77

Byzantine art and it's style became known throughout ______

Back 77

Europe

Front 78

_____ refers to both the religions of the Moslems and the nations that follow the religion

Back 78

Islam

Front 79

Islam began in ______ in the seventh century and swept across the Near East and the Southern Mediterranean rapidly

Back 79

Arabia

Front 80

Islam created a civilization that rivaled Christianity and had a far ranging influence in ________ ______

Back 80

Medieval Europe

Front 81

The Moslem religion prohibited the use of human figures in religious art, therefore, artists developed elaborate _________ and ________ _______

Back 81

geometric and abstract designs

Front 82

The term arabesque which means "__ ___ ____ _____," was coined to describe their complex designs

Back 82

in the Arab style

Front 83

Islamic architecture, like Western architecture, used ______, _______, and ______

Back 83

arches, columns, and vaults

Front 84

They created a unique style and richly decorated their buildings with ______ _______

Back 84

stucco reliefs

Front 85

Islam also developed Arabic numerals and led the way in __________, __________, _______, and ________

Back 85

government, philosophy, science, and medicine

Front 86

Some of the most splendid Moslem architecture was built in _____

Back 86

Spain

Front 87

The ________ ______ in Granada is an outstanding example of Islamic arch construction

Back 87

Alhambra Palace

Front 88

The ________ is a sprawling place with royal residential quarters, court complexes and offices, a bath, and a mosque

Back 88

Alhambra

Front 89

The most famous of the Alhambra are the __________, which are surrounded by slender columns with decorated arches

Back 89

courtyards

Front 90

The Islamic architectural heritage is especially evident in places of worship, called _______

Back 90

mosques

Front 91

Islamic architects also made old Christian churches and basilicas into _______

Back 91

mosques

Front 92

Moslems from many countries built ___ ____ __ ___ ____ in Jerusalem

Back 92

The Dome of the Rock

Front 93

The site marks the place where ________ was said to have left this earth

Back 93

Mohammed

Front 94

The Dome of the Rock is the oldest Islamic monument and has an ________ ____

Back 94

octagonal base

Front 95

Many columns inside support the ______ ____

Back 95

golden dome

Front 96

The building is _________ in its rotunda form and was designed for this one particular spot

Back 96

Byzantine

Front 97

The exterior of bathe mosque is covered with rightly glazed _______ ____. Originally it contained mosaics of Byzantine glass

Back 97

ceramic tile

Front 98

The earliest, huge Moslem building for congregational purposes is ___ _____ ______ __ ________

Back 98

The Great Mosque of Damascus

Front 99

It made use of existing _________ and _____ __________

Back 99

Christian and Roman structures

Front 100

The existing square towers were turned into the first Moslem ________ (a tall, slender tower attached to a mosque)

Back 100

minarets

Front 101

The Great Mosque at Damascus still contains some of the ________ ______ _________

Back 101

original mosaic decoration

Front 102

Islamic artists greatly advanced the art of ____ ___________

Back 102

book illustration

Front 103

Islamic decorative style featured elaborate geometric designs and complex patterns of intertwining _____ and ______

Back 103

lines and shapes

Front 104

Laila and Majnun is an example of a ________ (small picture) from a manus iron which illustrated a romantic poem

Back 104

miniature

Front 105

The ______ ___ is a period that spans over 1000 years

Back 105

middle age

Front 106

The first half of the medieval era was a time of _______ and ______

Back 106

turmoil and change

Front 107

During the _________ ______, when European tribes moved through Europe to look for permanent homes, few paintings or large buildings were produced

Back 107

migration period

Front 108

Tribes needed to carry their art and treasures with them, therefore artwork was entirely confined to ________ _______ such as ornaments, weapons, and objects for daily use

Back 108

portable objects

Front 109

__________ ____________ (colored illustrations, often containing gold and silver) became an important art form. Not only could books be easily carried, they were of great use to missionaries

Back 109

Manuscript illumination

Front 110

Christian ____________ tried to establish the authority of the church among the wondering tribes and bring stability

Back 110

missionaries

Front 111

Illuminated manuscripts were drawn by _____ in secluded monasteries throughout Europe

Back 111

monks

Front 112

Artists of the early period were influenced by Christian art of the _____________, but they were also fascinated with the tribal tradition of geometric motifs and interlaced designs of letters, flowers, and animals

Back 112

Mediterranean

Front 113

Monks in secluded monasteries spent their lifetimes illustrating pages of scripture with _________ _______, _________ _______, and ________ ______

Back 113

fantastic animals, intricate designs, and infinite detail

Front 114

For these artists, ornamentation represented everything that was ____ and _________

Back 114

rich and beautiful

Front 115

(a fine parchment paper made from calfskin)

Back 115

vellum

Front 116

The ___________ ______ ____ is a volume of many vellum pages and was illustrated in Christianized Great Britain

Back 116

Lindisfarne Gospel Book

Front 117

Artists of the barbaric tribes crafted ______ _________ for example, pins used of fasten garments were often inlaid with precious or semiprecious stones

Back 117

ornate metalwork

Front 118

A powerful ruler probably once owned the _____ _____

Back 118

Purse Cover

Front 119

___________, the Frankish King and the emperor of the West, brought a period of stability to the north

Back 119

Charlemagne

Front 120

Under his direction, the ________ ______ was built in Aachen, Germany

Back 120

Palatine Chapel

Front 121

It is one of the greatest surviving monuments of the ___________ ___

Back 121

Carolingian era

Front 122

Symbolizes the _________ and _________ _____ of Charlemagne

Back 122

religious and political power

Front 123

The chapel is shaped like an _______ and is ___ ____ high inside

Back 123

octagon and is 105ft

Front 124

The inner dome was originally covered with _______

Back 124

mosaics

Front 125

The chapel still holds the remains of ___________

Back 125

Charlemagne

Front 126

Under Charlemagne's rule, monasteries were contributed to preserve the ________ __ ___ ____

Back 126

learning of the past

Front 127

Monks spent their lives:

Back 127

copying scripture and other important writings from the past

Front 128

The art of ____________ _______ was very active during the Carolingian era

Back 128

illumination writing