Finals In Ethics

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MORAL CHARACTER

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refers to the existence or lack of virtues such as integrity, courage, fortitude, honesty, and loyalty.

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CHARACTER "CHARAKTÊR"

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initially referred to the mark impressed upon a coin.

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VIRTUE

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is a central concept in hisNicomachean Ethics wherein there are two distinct ofhuman excellences, (1) excellences of thoughts and (2)excellences of character

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RESPONSIBILITY AND INTENTIONS

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the source of the self possession and self-governance of human beings.

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DOCTRINE OF THE MEAN

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is a principle that suggests that a moral behavior is one that is in the middle of two extremes.

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DISPOSITION

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are particular kinds of properties or characteristics that objects can possess.

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MORAL CHARACTER TRAITS

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are those dispositions of character for which it is appropriate to hold agents morally responsible.

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repetition of action and its effect on the person, the type of action, and intention and responsibility

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Three aspects of action

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ACTIONS

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can be repetitive or automatic in (at least) three different ways: by habit, by education, and by habitus

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HABIT

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When an action is constantly repeated, over time

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SKILLS

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through repetition and experience, actions become?

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HABITUS

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inclination or disposition, an inclination, a willingness, to respond charitably to anyone in need as the situation arises.

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HUMAN ACTS

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are rational acts and are more closely associated with character than are acts of human beings, because the former actions come from the whole person.

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RESPONSIBILITY AND INTENTIONS

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Two important aspects of the revelatory nature of action

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RESPONSIBILITY AND INTENTION

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are rooted in the will, which is the source of the self possession and self-governance of human beings

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LAWRENCE KOHLBERG

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American psychologist and educator known for his theory of moral development.

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LAWRENCE KOHLBERG STAGES OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT

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a comprehensive stage theory of moral development based on Jean Piaget’s theory of moral judgment for children (1932) and developed by Lawrence Kohlberg in 1958.

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THINKING PROCESS

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that occurs when one decides whether a behaviour is right or wrong.

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PRECONVENTIONAL LEVEL

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At this level, morality is externally controlled.

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CONVENTIONAL LEVEL

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At this level conformity to social rules remains important to the individual

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GOOD BOY/NICE GIRL ORIENTATION BEHAVIOUR

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is determined by social approval. The individual wants to maintain or win the affection and approval of others by being a “good person.”

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Law and order orientation Social rules and laws

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This is determine by behavior.

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POSTCONVENTIONAL OR PRINCIPLED LEVEL

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At this level, the individual moves beyond the perspective of his or her own society.

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MORALITY

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is defined in terms of abstract principles and values that apply to all situations and societies.

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REASON

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is the ability of the mind to think, understand, and form judgments in a process of logic.

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TRUTH IN ETHICS

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entails being justified by good reasons

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IMPARTIALITY

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is manifesting objectivity. It is the quality of being unbiased and objective in creating moral decision – underscoring that a (morally) impartial person makes moral decisions relative to the welfare of the majority and not for specific people alone.

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EMOTIONS

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is a response to stimuli based on past experiences which is made instinctively while reason is a form of personal justification which changes from person to person based on their own ethical and moral code, as well as prior experience.

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ETHICAL SUBJECTIVISM

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This theory basically utter runs contrary to the principle that there is objectivity in morality.

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SIMPLE SUBJECTIVISM

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the view (largely as described above) that ethical statements reflect sentiments, personal preferences and feelings rather than objective facts.

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INDIVIDUALIST SUBJECTIVISM

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the view (originally put forward by Protagoras) that there are as many distinct scales of good and evil as there are individuals in the world.

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MORAL RELATAVISM

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the view that fora thing to be morally right is for it to be approved of bysociety, leading to the conclusion that different things areright for people in different societies and different periodsin history.

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IDEAL OBSERVER THEORY

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the view that what is right is determined by the attitudes that a hypothetical ideal observer (a being who is perfectly rational, imaginative and informed) would have.

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EMOTIVISM

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refers to a theory about moral judgments, sentences, words, and speech acts; it is sometimes also extended to cover aesthetic and other nonmoral forms of evaluation.

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DECISION MAKING

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it is essential to determine your goals both short-term and long-term goals.

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SHORT TERM GOALS

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are those that need to be accomplished right after or immediately after a decision is made.

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LONG TERM GOALS

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is that which the result may come out after sometimes.

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ETHICAL DECISION MAKERS

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monitor the effect of their decisions and are willing to modify their decision.

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REASONING

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is the process of drawing out conclusions from previous knowledge.

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REASON

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is the faculty or process of drawing logical syllogism.

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GOOD WILL

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is also a force to pursue what one possesses in mind also. Instead of looking at a man as he displays external attributes, goodness is in the very interiority of himself.

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WILL

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is a faculty od the mind that at the moment of decision is always present.

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MORALITY

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is the system through which we determine right and wrong conduct

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ETHICS

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is the philosophical study of Morality.

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THEORY

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is a structured set of statements used to explain (or predict) a set of facts or concepts.

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MORAL THEORY

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then, explains why a certain action is wrong -- or why we ought to act in certain ways.

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MORAL SUBJECTIVISM

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is where right or wrong are determined by what you -- the subject -- just happens to think (or 'feel') is right or wrong.

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CULTURAL RELATIVISM

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Right and wrong is determined by the particular set of principles or rules the relevant culture just happens to hold at the time.

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ETHICAL EGOISM

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Right and wrong is determined by what is in your self-interest.

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DIVINE COMMAND THEORY

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Right and wrong come from the commands of God (or the gods).

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VIRTUE ETHICS

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Right and wrong are characterized in terms of acting in accordance with the traditional virtues -- making a good person.

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FEMINIST ETHICS

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Right and wrong are to be found in women's responses to the relationship of caring.

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ULITARIANISM

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Right and wrong is determined by the overall goodness (utility) of the consequences of the action.

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KANTIAN THEORY

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Right and wrong are determined by rationality, giving universal duties.

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CONTRACTARIANISM

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The principles of right and wrong (or Justice) are those which everyone in society would agree upon in forming a social contract.

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SELF REALIZATION

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is termed as Eudaemonia or well-being or happiness. is the highest good attainable by man.

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HAPPINESS

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is the natural outcome of the active exercise of functions.

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EUDAEMONIA

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is sought for its own sake. All other ends, such as wealth, health, power, are sought because they are perceived to be instrumental in one’s flourishing.

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VEGETATIVE

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it refers to the physical body which is cultivated by wholesome food and proper exercise.

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SENTIENT

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Man as full of senses has sentient nature.

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RATIONAL

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Human bearings are rational animals. the full realization of their vegetative and sentient nature keeps them longing for more lasting satisfaction.

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ST. THOMAS AQUINAS

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He is known to be one who Christianized the philosophy based on his theories and ways.

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SYNDERESIS

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It is the term used to describe this inherentcapacity of an individual to perceive what is good or bad.

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VOICE OF REASON

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is also called the conscience, in so far the conscience refers to the immediate judgment of practical reason applying the general principle of morality.

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SELF PRESERVATION

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This urges us to care for our health, not to kill ourselves or put ourselves in danger.

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JUST DEALING WITH OTHERS

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This is the basis of justice which arises out of human relations. Thus, any act of injustice is against human nature.

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PROPAGATION OF SPECIES

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We are naturally inclined to perpetuate our species which is viewed as a natural good.

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OBJECT

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the Act itself

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CIRCUMSTANCES

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are conditions which, when superadded to the nature of the moral act, will affect its morality.

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END OF THE AGENT

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The end here is taken in the sense of end or purpose of the agent or the doer

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KANTIANISM

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is a Non-consequentialist moral theory.

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RIGHT BASED THEORIES OF KHAN

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We are to act in accordance with a set of moral rights, which we possess simply by being human.

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KANTIAN THEORY

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Right and wrong is determined by rationality, giving universal duties.

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RIGHT BASED VIEWS

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are connected to Kantianism and are Non-consequentialist. The basic idea is that if someone has a right, then others have a corresponding duty to provide what the right requires.

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NEGATIVE RIGHT

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is one in which the corresponding duty merely requires refraining from doing something that will harm someone.

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UTILITARIANISM

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is a normative ethical theory that places the locus of right and wrong solely on the outcomes (consequences) of choosing one action/policy over other actions/policies.

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ACT UTILITARIANISM

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The principle of utility is applied directly to each alternative act in a situation of choice.

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THE RIGHT ACT

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as the one which brings about the best results

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RULE UTILITARIANISM

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The principle of utility is used to determine the validity of rules of conduct (moral principles)

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RIGHT AND WRONG

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are then defined as following or breaking those rules.

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GLOBALIZATION

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the world-wide integration of government policies, cultures, social movements, and financial markets through trade and the exchange of ideas

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BUSINESS ETHICS

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is defined as a form of an applied ethics that examines moral principles concerning business environment