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136 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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At which organelle does protein synthesis take place in a eukaryotic cell?
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Ribosomes
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What is the function of the plasma membrane in eukaryotic cell?
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Boundary around most organelles and outside layer of cell.
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What is the function of the cytoplasm in eukaryotic cell?
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It is the site of most of the chemical reactions of the cell. Within the cytoplasm there are small organelles.
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What is the function of the ribosomes in eukaryotic cell?
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Site of protein synthesis.
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What is the function of the nucleolus in eukaryotic cell?
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Produces the 2 subunits of ribosomes.
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What is the function of the Rough endoplasmic reticulum in eukaryotic cell?
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Has attached ribosomes that synthesize protein and secrete outside the cell.
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What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum in eukaryotic cell?
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no attached ribosomes. Manufactures lipids such as phospholipids, cholesterol, steroid hormones, and carbohydrates. Also participates in detoxification processes (which enzymes act on chemicals and drugs to change their structure and reduce their toxicity). In skeletal muscles, it stores calcium ions (which function in muscle contraction)
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What is the function of the Golgi complex in eukaryotic cell?
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stacks of membranous vesicles that will store, modify, and package proteins.
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What is the function of the lysosomes in eukaryotic cell?
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Contain digestive enzymes that can digest or tear apart molecules and tissues they come in contact with. Ex. forms fingers during gestation.
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What is the function of the mitochondria in eukaryotic cell?
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Powerhouse of the cell, produces ATP.
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What is the function of the centrioles in eukaryotic cell?
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important in cell division
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What is the function of the cilia in eukaryotic cell?
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small hair like structures that will transport material across a surface of a cell
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What is the function of the flagella in eukaryotic cell?
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long hair like extensions that are responsible for mobility of cell (sperm)
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What is the function of the nucleus in eukaryotic cell?
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site that contains the genetic message of the cell
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What happens in a hypertonic solution?
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Solute concentration is higher outside the cell than inside. (More water molecules inside, than outside). Water moves out of the cell. Crenation, shriveling, occurs.
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What happens in a hypotonic solution?
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Solute higher inside the cell than out of the cell (more water molecules outside the cell, than inside). Water moves in the cell. Hemolysis (cell burst) occurs.
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What happens in an isotonic solution?
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Solute concentration is same inside and outside the cell. Water moves in and out, but is at equalibrium.
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What is anabolism?
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reactions in which there is a combination of 2 or more chemical structures, resulting in a larger structure. (builds small molecules into large)
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What is catabolism?
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Reactions in which the chemical structures are broken down into smaller structures. Large molecules are broken down into smaller molecules (by adding a water molecule)
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What is the function of the parathyroid hormone?
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Stimulates osteoclast activity and increases number of osteoclasts.
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What is the function of calcitonin?
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Decreases osteoclast activity.
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What is a cholinergic neuron?
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Secretes its neurotransmitter, acetylcholine. Preganglionic neurons and some postganglionic neurons (innervate sweat glands)
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What is an adrenergic neuron?
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Secretes its neurotransmitter, norepinephrine. Postganglionic neurons
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What is a covalent bond?
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Strongest bond. Results when 2 or more atoms form a molecule by sharing of electrons (in outer orbit). Ex. carbon, proteins, and carbohydrates are held together by covalent bonds.
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What is a ionic bond?
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bond formed by 1 atom loses an electron to another, which gains the electron. Fairly strong bond. Since ions are opposing charges, theyre magnetically attracted.
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What is a hydrogen bond?
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Weak bond. Ex. holds DNA together.
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What is melanoma?
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Less common, life threatening cancer arising from melanocytes, many times found within a preexisting mole. Metastasize rapidly, early treatment is crucial. Often fatal.
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What is basal cell carcinoma?
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Most common skin cancer. Tumors arise from the stratum basale of the epidermis and extend into dermis (open ulcer). Usually slow metastasis. Cured by surgical removal or radiation therapy.
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What is squamous cell carcinoma?
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Arise from stratum spinosum keratinocytes. Usually slow metastasis, but can cause death.
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Define anatomy.
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the study of structure
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Define physiology.
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The study of function.
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Define histology.
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the microscopic study of tissue
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What is skeletal muscle?
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Attached to bones. Voluntary, and has striations. Function is body movement.
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What is smooth muscle?
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Found in walls of hollow organs, blood vessels, eyes, glands, and skin. Gap junctions, no striations, involuntary,
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What is cardiac muscle?
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Heart, interclated disks, striations, involuntary. Pumps blood.
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Define inferior.
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Towards the feet.
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Define superior.
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Towards the head.
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Define anterior.
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Front portion of body
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Define posterior
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Back portion of body
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Define medial
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Towards middle
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Define lateral.
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Towards outer side
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Define superficial
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Towards surface.
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Define deep
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away from surface
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Define distal
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further away from attachment to the body
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define proximal
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closer to the attachment of body.
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How are the nitrogen bases paired in DNA?
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Adenine pairs with thymine. Cytosine pairs with guanine.
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How are nitrogen bases paired in RNA?
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Adenine pairs with uracil. Cytosine pairs with guanine.
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How do cancer cells differ from normal cells?
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Cancer cells ignore contact inhibition, so they keep growing unlike normal cells.
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How does an enzyme work?
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a reaction occurs when reactants (key) bind to the active site (lock) on the enzyme. Enzyme is able to slightly change shape to better fit the reactants. When the reactants are brought together, they combine, then are released. Afterwards, the unaltered enzyme can be used again.
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How is active transport different from passive transport?
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Active transport moves substances against a concentration gradient from low to high. Requires energy.
Passive transport moves substances high to low, requires NO energy |
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How is thin skin different from thick skin?
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Thick skin has stratum lucidum.
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What body cavity would you find the human heart?
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Mediastinum
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Which layer of the epidermis does the most mitosis take place?
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Stratum basale.
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Is a nucleus found in prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell?
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Eukaryotic
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Is movement against the concentration gradient active or passive transport?
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Active
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What are the levels of organization of the human body? Small to large.
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Atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissue, organ, organ system , organism
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What does the pH scale measure?
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0-14 measures amount of Hydrogen ions
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Mitosis occurs in all body cells except....
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Reproductive cells; Sperm and Oocytes
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What is sagittal plane?
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Divides body left from right
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What is transverse plane?
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Divides body top from bottom
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What is frontal plane?
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Divides body back from front.
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The plasma membrane of a eukaryotic cell is composed of what kind of molecules?
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phospholipids
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The sum of all chemical reactions is called...
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metabolism
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What are articulations?
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place where 2 bones come together. Some movable, some not.
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What are cilia?
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hair like structures lining respiratory system
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What are ependymal cells?
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ciliated glial cells lining the ventricles of the CNS that aid in the movement of cerebrospinal fluid that is secreted by specialized ependymal cells and blood vessels that form choroid plexuses.
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What are found in the lacunae of cartilage?
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chondrocytes
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What are Schwann cells?
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found in PNS; wrap around axons forming myelin sheath
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What are the characteristics of lipids?
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non polar, no monomers, composed of C, H, and O. Protect some animals, store energy, and found in structures like the cell membrane.
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What are the characteristics of carbohydrates?
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compound made of Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, Has structural purposes and store energy. Polar. Monomer is monosaccarides
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What are the characteristics of proteins?
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Composed of 10-30% of cell mass. Large, complex molecules made of monomers= amino acids. Made of C, H, O, and Nitrogen. Some are structural (muscle) and others are enzymes. Growth and repair.
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What are the characteristics of nucleic acids?
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2 types are DNA and RNA. Large molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus.
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What are 4 basic tissues that make up a body?
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epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue.
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What are 4 elements that make up over 95% of our bodies?
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Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen.
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What are the four phases of mitosis in order?
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Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
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What are the 2 main divisions of the nervous system?
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Central and Peripheral
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What determines how an atom behaves in chemical reactions?
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Number of electrons in outer shell.
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What do muscarinic receptors respond to?
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Cholerginic neurons
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What do osteoblasts do?
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Build bone
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What do osteoclasts do?
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Carve or breakdown bone.
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What do sensory neurons do?
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Afferent. Detects stimuli and sends info (action potentials) to CNS.
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What do motor neurons do?
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Efferent, innervates skeletal, smooth, or muscle fibers. Info goes from CNS to muscles
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What happens to a cell during interphase?
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Grows, metabolizes, duplicate copy of DNA is made, there are checkpoints and gets ready for next phase.
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What is a buffer? How does it work?
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Tempers changes in pH levels. Keeps pH same
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What is a ganglion?
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Group of cell bodies in the PNS.
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What is a goiter?
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Abnormal enlargement of thyroid gland.
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What is a sarcomere?
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Contractile units of a muscle
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What is a sebaceous gland?
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Gland of the skin, usually associated with a hair follicle, that produces sebum.
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What is a sudoriferous gland?
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Sweat gland.
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What is abduction?
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Movement away from the midline.
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What is albinism?
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Lack of pigment in skin, no melanin.
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What is contact inhibition?
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Cell property where they tend to grow only until they meet other cells. Cancer cells do not follow this unlike normal cells.
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What is found at the center of an osteon? What does it do?
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Central (Haversian) Canal, channel for blood vessels and nerves.
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What is glycogen?
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Polysaccaride (division of carbohydrates) that is made up of bonded glucoses. Serves to store glucose in the liver and muscles of animals.
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What is cellulose?
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polysaccharides found in plants, composed of long chains of glucose. Important structural component of plant cell walls.
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What is gout?
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Excess uric acid, crystallizes in joints.
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What is homeostasis?
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Maintaining balance in all systems.
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What is hypertrophy?
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Increase in bulk or size; not due to an increase in number of individual elements. Overdevelopment of tissues.
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What is hyperplasia?
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Cells growing too fast, pre cancerous.
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What is osmosis?
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Diffusion of water through a membrane from a less concentrated solution to a more concentrated solution
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What is scoliosis?
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Abnormal lateral curvature of spine.
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What is kyphosis?
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Hunchback.
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What is lordosis?
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Abnormal lump of curvature.
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What is tetanus?
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Results from multiple wave summation. Locks up muscles.
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What is the charge of a proton?
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positive
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What is the charge of a neutron?
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Equal
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What is the charge of an electron?
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negative
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What is the charge on the inner surface of the plasma membrane during rest? Outer?
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Negative = inner, positive = outside
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What is the dense membrane that covers the outer surface of bone?
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Periosteum
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What is the diaphysis of a long bone?
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Shaft
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What is the difference between type 1 and type 2 muscle fibers?
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1 is fast, 2 is slow twitch
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what is the function of ATP?
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Energy transfer molecule.
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What is the function of melanin in the skin?
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Protects from U.V. radiation
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What is the function of the epiphyseal plate of bone?
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Growth plate
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What is the function of the Eustachian tube?
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Equalize pressure and drains fluid.
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What is the function of the posterior pituitary gland?
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Stores and produces hormones.
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What is the location of the 3 meninges of the brain and spinal cord?
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Pia mater (bound to brain), Arachnoid mater (middle), Dura mater (outer)
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What is the sliding filament model?
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How sarcomeres contract.
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What is the smallest unit of life?
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Cell
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What is threshold?
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stimulus resulting in a local potential just large enough to reach threshold and produce an action potential.
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What is transcription?
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Process of forming RNA from DNA template.
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What is translation?
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Synthesis of polypeptide chains at the ribosome in response to info contained in mRNA molecules.
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What is unusual about pseudostratified epithelium?
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looks multilayered but is single found in respiratory tract.
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What layer of the eye contains photoreceptors?
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Retina
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What process is used to develop most of the bones of our bodies?
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Endochondrial Ossification
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What produces cerebrospinal fluid?
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Ependymal cells and choroid plexus
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What sugar is present in DNA?
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Deoxyribose
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What sugar is present in RNA?
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Ribose
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What surrounds the malleus, incus and stapes of the ear?
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air, no fluid
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What type of neurons are found in mixed nerves?
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Sensory and motor (afferent and efferent)
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What type of cartilage is found in the auricle (pinna)?
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Elastic
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What type of epithelium is found in the urinary bladder? Why is it unusual?
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Transitional, because it can stretch from 3 layers to 10 layers.
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What type of molecule releases OH ions when it breaks apart?
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Alcoline
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Whats the maximum number of electrons in each shell in an atom?
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2 (inner)- 8- 8 (outer)
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Where would you find a codon?
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DNA or RNA
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Where would you find an anti codon?
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mRNA or tRNA
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