Final Note Cards

Front 1

Mousterian tools

Back 1

Levallois technology (rock flaking)

used by Neanderthals

Front 2

Clovis

Back 2

Fluted points, oldest tools in the new worlds

Front 3

Acheulean

Back 3

look up

Front 4

Upper Paleolithic

Back 4

blade technology

Front 5

Oldowan

Back 5

look up

Front 6

features of present day homo sapiens

Back 6

High vertical forehead, small brow ridge, small face and teeth, canine fossa chain, prominent mastoid process, small occipital bun

Front 7

Derived trait Homoheidelbergensisg

Back 7

Increased brain size, more rounded cranial vault, more vertical nose

Front 8

Ancestral traits of Homoheidelbergensisg

Back 8

large prominent brow ridge, large face, thick cranium, skull longer than wide, occipital torus, no chin

Front 9

evidence of hunting

Back 9

Butchery marks on animal bones at sites

Front 10

evidence of controlling fire

Back 10

look up

Front 11

levallois technique

Back 11

use of a core to produce uniform flakes

Front 12

Neanderthals

Back 12

Found in Europe, Middle East, parts of Asia, cold regions. Has a cranial capacity 1300-1600

Front 13

Morphology of Neanderthals

Back 13

Mid face prognathism, forehead rises vertically, robust arched brow ridge, no canine fossa, no chin

Front 14

Neanderthals adaptations for the cold

Back 14

Large cranial capacity, short but large, wide nasal aperture, barrel chested, larger infraorbital foramnia

Front 15

Neanderthal tool industry and diet

Back 15

Mousterian tools and upper paleolithic, heavy meat diet shows in bones that diet is reliant on meat

Front 16

Evidence of speech

(N.)

Back 16

Symbols found on shells with pigment paint, best example of symbolism, Had a hyoid bone

Front 17

Old man of La-Chappelle

(N.)

Back 17

there is dangerous preditors, injuries found that would not have survived without aid, lived in communities and cared for the elderly

Front 18

Why buried their dead

(N.)

Back 18

first evidence in Neanderthals, keep scavengers and and preditors away, prevent spread of disease

Front 19

evidence of cannibalism

(N.)

Back 19

Scrape marks on bones, bone marrow exposed using hammer and anvil

Front 20

Denisova

Back 20

Archaic homo but DNA suggest that it is a distinct species from the Neanderthal and lived around the same time

Front 21

Lumpers

Back 21

All Archaic homo were regional variations of single interbreeding species

Front 22

Splitters

Back 22

Arachic humans were all distinct species

Front 23

Measure of intelligence according Richard Bryne

Back 23

Intelligence should be measured by problem solving

Front 24

three theories about the rise of intelligence

Back 24

1. Technical - need to produce tools (probes, hammers, sponges, branches)

2. Ecological - due to selective advantage to finding food, capacity to map and navigate from food and home

3. Social - larger brain size came from coping and exploiting social relationships, deception key to social exploitation

Front 25

start of our species

Back 25

200,000 years ago

Front 26

First remains of homopanien

Back 26

found in africa called the Herto skull and Kabwe skull

Front 27

Theories for dispersed Homosapiens

Back 27

1. African replacement model

2. Assimilation Model

3. Multi-regional Evolutionary Model

Front 28

Africa Replacement model

Back 28

Spread throughout old world replaced pre-existing homo populations outside Africa

Front 29

Assimilation Model

Back 29

Modern humans spread through gene flow in populations outside Africa, populations outside Africa assimilated into expanding populations and modern humans

Front 30

Multi- regional evolutionary model

Back 30

Modern humans came from gene flow between heidelbergensis, Neanderthals and Sapien

Front 31

new tool methods? new materials?

Back 31

Blade technology by punch flaking or pressure flaking. Bone and antlers become common tools

Front 32

Two types of Art

Back 32

1. mural art - paintings on cave walls (Lascaux)

2. portable art - Venus figurines depicted healthy well fed pregnant women, also design on tools

Front 33

Reasons for leaving Old war

Back 33

1. Population increase

2. Disappearance of food resources

3. Increased competition for food

4. Climate Deterioration

Front 34

Island Dwarfism

Back 34

the shirking of body size because of the lack of preditors (little people of Flores)

Front 35

Easter Island

Back 35

Destroyed all natural resources

Front 36

Similarities between East Asians and Native Americas

Back 36

1. Shovel shaped incisors

2.Type O blood

3. 95% of four halogroups

4. Old world mutations found in new world but not other way around

Front 37

Beringia

Back 37

Land bridge between Alaska and Russia, allowed migrating from Asia and American

Front 38

Clovis Culture

Back 38

Oldest culture found in the new world, The Kennewick man is oldest remains in America

Front 39

Encephalization Quotient

Back 39

The ratio of brain size to expected brain size

Front 40

Start of Agriculture

Back 40

11,000 years ago beginning in 1. Fertile Crescent

2. North China

3. South China

4. Eastern North America

5. Central Mexico

6. South Central Andes

7. Sub Saharan Africa

Front 41

first domestication

Back 41

Plants - Wild Grains

Animals - dogs, sheep, goats, cattle

Front 42

Theories for agriculture

Back 42

1.Natural Habitat hypothesis

2. Oasis hypothesis

3. Population pressure hypothesis

4. Social hypothesis

Front 43

Natural Habitat hypothesis

Back 43

Earliest domesticates should appear where their wild ancestors lives

Front 44

Oasis hypothesis

Back 44

circumstances in which plants, animals, and humans would have clustered in confined areas near water

Front 45

Population pressure hypothesis

Back 45

Increasing populations require people to get more food best solution was domestication. (probably not true)

Front 46

Social hypothesis

Back 46

the transition to farming, food storage and surplus could not be understood simply in terms of environment and population

Front 47

benefits of agriculture

Back 47

1. Allowed population growth

2. formed foundation for complex society

3. rise of cities, art, literature, new technology

Front 48

drawbacks of agriculture

Back 48

1. population growth

2. Biological changes

3. Environmental Degradation

Front 49

Culture

Back 49

Learned behavior transmitted from one generation to the next (language,tool use, religion, self-identity, day to day actions)

Front 50

Types of archaeology

Back 50

1. Prehistoric Archaeology

2. Historic Archaeology

Front 51

Prehistoric archaeology

Back 51

Studies societies and spans of time which there are no written records

Front 52

Historic Archaeology

Back 52

Studies societies and spans of time for which there are written records, but reaches beyond documents to analyze material that tells about peoples day to day lives

Front 53

Survey

Back 53

Systematic search of landscape for artifacts

Front 54

Excavate

Back 54

the exposure and recording of buried material

Front 55

Ethnography

Back 55

a detailed investigation of human culture through first hand experience

Front 56

Artifacts

Back 56

any object or item created or modified by by human action

Front 57

Site

Back 57

The accumulation of artifacts representing a place where people lived or carried certain activities

Front 58

Ecofacts

Back 58

unmodified natural items brought to the site by occupants and useful for study of human activity (animal bones, plant remains)

Front 59

field work

Back 59

the search for archaeological sites in landscape through survey and excavation

Front 60

Bioarchaeology

Back 60

can determine sex,age, nutritional health, metabolic disorders, types of diet, prevalence of certain pathologies, patters of trauma

Front 61

Function of skelaton

Back 61

Protect and support soft tissues and organs, Anchor Muscles, produce movement, red blood cell production, store fat and calcium

Front 62

Axial skeleton

Back 62

ribs, vertebra, pelvis

Front 63

Appendicular skelaton

Back 63

legs, arms and shoulder girdle

Front 64

Long bones

Back 64

arms, legs, fingers

Front 65

Flat bones

Back 65

scapula, skull bones

Front 66

Irregular bones

Back 66

spine and jaw

Front 67

diaphysis

Back 67

shaft of bone

Front 68

epiphysis

Back 68

ends of bones

Front 69

Superiorl

Back 69

toward the head

Front 70

Inferior

Back 70

Toward the feet

Front 71

Medial

Back 71

toward midline

Front 72

Lateral

Back 72

away from midline

Front 73

Proximal

Back 73

closest to the body

Front 74

distal

Back 74

away from the body

Front 75

Trepanation

Back 75

removal of the part of the cranium withour damaging part of the underlying blood vessels or the brain

Front 76

Methods of trepanation

Back 76

1. Scraping - scrap away layer by layer until you get to brain

2. Grooving -

3. Boring and cutting - making holes in a shape then pop out

4. rectangular intersecting incisions -

Front 77

father of forensic anthropology

Back 77

Thomas Dwight

Front 78

Objective of Forensic Anthropology

Back 78

1. Provide positive ID

2. Determine cause/manner of death

3. Provide accurate physical evidence to be used by legal authorities

4. Be reliable witness

Front 79

parts of skeleton used for determining age

Back 79

1.teeth

2. long bones - ends fused together, wearing on joints

3. skull - suture fusion

4. pubis syphillis - change in morphology

Front 80

types of trauma

Back 80

1. fracture

2. sharp force trauma

3. blunt force trauma

4. projectile trauma

Front 81

Antemortem

Back 81

before death

Front 82

Perimortem

Back 82

at/around time of death

Front 83

Postmortem

Back 83

after death