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86 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Jonathan Swift
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big pusher for English academy (fix, ascertain, refine the language)
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Why don't we have an English Academy?
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Because Queen Anne died, so the funding was gone
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Why did people want an English Academy?
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Wanted to upgrade English
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Who regulates language today?
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Editors, Mothers, English teachers, dictionary makers
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Where did our current preoccuptation with rightness and wrongness of usage stem from?
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era when peopel were writing--morality came from Bishop Loath writes about morally right language, Latin highly regarded
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Noah Webster's Dictionary
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1828
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Differnence of Webster in language?
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difference in spelling, dropped re, ou (bred and determin don't cut it)
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Why did Noah print the dictionary?
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time of a new nation, wanted to purposefully change language, spelling reform never really caught on in America
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Boston, Philadelphia, NY, Charleston
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r is out in upper class, then r back in
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Features of American Northern dialects
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Mary, Merry, Marry
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Features of American Midlands
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merry, mary, marry all pronunced the same
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Features of American southern
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monthongs become diphthongs, diphthongs become monthongs.
ai to a backwards ci to o ae to aea |
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Indo-Eurpean Languages: GAIA BIATCH!
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Germanic, Armenian, Indo-Iranian, Albanian, Balto-slavic, Italic, Anatolian, Tocharian, Celtic, Hellenic
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Grimms' Law
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voiceless stops become voiceless fricatives, voiced stops become voiceless stops, voiced aspirated stops become voiced stops. (teeth becomes dental)
bh --b dh--d gh--g b--p d--t g--k p--f t--theta k--h, x |
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Non Indo-Eurpoean Languages in Europe
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Turkish, Basque, Hungarian, Finnish
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Non Indo-European Language elsewhere
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Asian, Hebrew, Native American
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Trace English
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Germanic, West Germanic, Low Germanice, English
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Sir William Jones
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first person to hypothesize that there was an actual Indo-European language, rather than a simple relation, studied sanskrit and Latin
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High and Low German
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Based on altitude: high = south, low = north
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[x]
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voiceless velar fricative
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[y]
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high front rounded vowel
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Ash
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low front unrounded vowel
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Phoneme
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different sound, changes meaning
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Allophone
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different sound, doesn't change meaning
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WHere did the Angles, Jutes, and Saxons come from?
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North germany and Denmark in 449, brought Futharc and other Germanic languages
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Futharc
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runic writing
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Angles
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"ish" means of the people
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When did Christianity come to England and how?
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597, Irish missionaries
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St. Augustine
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comes to Kent, gives church words to the vocabulary (altar, mass, priest, gets rid of futharc because of pagan symbols_
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dialects of England
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Mercian, Wessex, North Umbrian, Kent
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Which dialect of Old English was most prestigious at the time?
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Wessex, didn't get conquered because of King Alfred and line
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Which dialect of Old English would become English?
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Mercian
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What spellings do we get from Old Norse?
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th, sk words, are
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Norse Invations
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787
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Synthetic language
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heavily inflected, -ru plural
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Analytic language
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few inflections
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What happened with Norse Invasions
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endings become less important, so other words (preopositions) come into language
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King Alfred
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Anglo-Saxon chronicles, history of everything tha thappened
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Danelaw
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Northeast of Alfred's line after the war
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Treaty of Wedmore
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the making of the line
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Accents in Old English
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Accent on first syllable unless there's a prefix (ge)
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Front mutation
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i mutation, low and frong back back vowels, diphthongs affected things, everything gets closer to an i, foot to feet
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Long marks
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long vowels/consonants (say it longer)--DO have a phonemic difference
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Four cases
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Nominative (subject)
Accusative (direct object) Genitive (possessive) Dative (indirect object, object of a preposition) |
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3 Noun Systems
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Gender (masculine, feminie, neuter)
Number (plural, singular) Case (nominative, genitive, etc.) |
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Weak masculine
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n for plural (brethren, children, oxen)
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Strong neuter
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plural adds no sound, sheep to sheep
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Mutated Plural
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mouse to mice (vowel change
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Dual
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you distinction, you and one other person
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Verb that kept distinction in Old English
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to be
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Stong verbs
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change the vowel==more strong vowels in OE than PDE
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Weak verbs
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add suffix of t or d
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2nd person singular takes:
All others take: |
-est, -eth
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Adverbial
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VSO
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Subordinate
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SOV
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Normal
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SVO
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Effects of Norman conquest
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French spellings, voicing of fricatives becomes phonemic, end vowels become schwas, and drop off, nasals at end drop off, stress of syllables change from trochaic to iambic, clergy replaced with French speakers
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Descent of English
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William of Normandy takes over, replaces English leaders with French, all members of upperclass speak French, English can't communicate with each other, lose prestige
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Ascent of English
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loss of Normandy by King JOhn, loss of interest, hostitlity towards French (half-siblings of henry drain treasury), increased communication, rise of pilgrimmages, french nobility marry english women, bilingual children, nannies speak english, black death, 100 years war, middle class merchants speak english, nationalism, London center
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Evidence of the ascent of English
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French had to belearned overseas and ins chools
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Was Anglo French well liked in 1100s?
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YES
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Was Anglo-French well liked in 1200s?
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NO
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Standard English during ME?
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East Midlands (London) 1300s
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English is a mix of:
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accentual German and syllabic French
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Lengthen vowels in ME
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before consonant clusters (mb, nd, and ld)
syllables that end in a vowel (stelan) |
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Shorten vowels in ME
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syllables that end in a consonant
If two ore more unstressed syllables, the vowel of the stressed syllable is shortened: divinity, divine, holiday to holy, nominal, name |
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Y changes in middle English
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Northern/Midlands: becomes I
Southern: becomes u Kentish: becomes e |
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Morphology of ME nouns
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no ending (singular)
s-lural (strong masculine) s-genitive( strong masculine) same as today |
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French Influence Words: CHAFF GERM ELM
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church: chapel, choir
House: table, lamp Arts, Music, Literature: art, music Fashion: dress, fashion Food: dinner, supper Government: government, tax Entertainment: chess, checkers Relations: aunt and uncle Military: army and navy Education: college, university Law: judge, jury Medicine: medicine, disease |
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English Germanic or Romantic?
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Germanice (most used words)
Romance (dictionary of language) |
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Minor ways of forming new words in ME
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compounding, affixing
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6 Minor consonant changes of EME
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assibilartion (sh, ch)
loss of preconsonantal r loss of t and d in consonant clusters loss of l after a low vowel (talk) loss of c tail and x as allophones of h continued loss of distinction between hw and w |
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EME forming the possessive
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pss. ommitted in cases like "pete's sake" "ross's" "ross his)
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Changes in relative pronouns in EME
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which: thing and person
that:all purpose who: started to gain popularity |
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Thee, thou
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speaking down, spouse, lover, childr, anger
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you, ye
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servant to master, plural
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Prepositions that have changed in meaning
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without: outside of
against: beside of from: of |
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Events or movements that influenced English
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gutenberg, William Caxton brings press to England, renaissance (rebirth of reading), reformation: bringing bibles to masses, enclosure: urbanization, exploration: new wordsk, American revolution: continued spread of English
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Effects of printing
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spread of correct spelling, influx of Latin loanwords
authors can make a living |
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King James had most effect on:
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English stylistics, thorn changed into y
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EME dispute over vocab
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borrowing of words done consciously and by specific people
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spellings brought by Dutch printers
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gh, thorn changed to y
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Latin scholars affect spelling
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put in silent b's (indict, doubt_
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Samuel Johnson
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first non hard-word dictionary, slowed change
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Languages most important model
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Latin, highly inflectional languages thought to be closer to Latin (pure language), English had few, thought to be corrupt
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Inkhorn terms
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derogatory: words brought into English to make more prestigious (ingenious, mundane, antique)
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