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171 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Dominant
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Describes a trait that covers over, or dominates, another form of that trait. (Represented with uppercase letter)
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Recessive
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An allele that is masked when a dominant allele is present. (Indicated by a lower case letter)
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Genes
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Contain instructions for traits that are passed from parent to child
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Alleles
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Different forms of a gene
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Genotype
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An organism's genetic makeup, or allele combinations.
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Phenotype
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An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits.
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Homozygous
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An organism that has two identical alleles for a trait (Examples: BB or bb)
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Heterozygous
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An organism that has two different alleles for a trait (Example: Bb)
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First-generation
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the very first set of offspring from two parents
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Self-pollinate
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when a flower pollinates itself, no new genes are introduced
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Cross Pollinate
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to fertilize a flower with the pollen from another flower
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True breeding
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A kind of breeding in which the parents with a particular phenotype produce offspring only with the same phenotype
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Heredity
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Passing of traits from parents to offspring
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Traits
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Characteristics that are inherited
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Cerebellum
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A large structure of the hindbrain that controls fine motor skills.
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Cerebrum
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front and upper part of the brain that is the center of thinking.
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Brain Stem
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in charge of all the functions your body needs to stay alive, like breathing air, digesting food, and circulating blood.
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Hormone
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chemical messengers that travel throughout the body coordinating complex processes like growth, metabolism, and fertility.
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Thyroid
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produce hormones that help regulate your metabolism, immune system, blood pressure and other essential functions.
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Pancreas
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sits behind the stomach and produces enzymes that are important for digestion. Insulin and glucagon, which help control the level of glucose (a type of sugar) in the blood, are also made
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Adrenal Glands
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A gland that makes and stores hormones that help regulate the heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature, and the rate at which food is converted into energy.
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Pineal Gland
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secretes the hormone melatonin, mainly at night.
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Hypothalamus
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a section of the brain responsible for the production of many of the body's essential hormones, chemical substances that help control different cells and organs.
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Pituitary Gland
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dubbed the "master gland" because its hormones control other parts of the endocrine system.
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Lungs
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Main organs of the respiratory system. An organ found in air-breathing vertebrates that exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide with the blood
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Trachea
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The windpipe; tube leading from the larynx to the lungs; a passage through which air moves in the respiratory system
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Bronchi
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Pair of breathing tubes that branch from the trachea into the lungs.
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Alveoli
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Any of the tiny air sacs of the lungs where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged
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Heart
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A hollow, muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body.
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Blood Vessels
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a tubular structure carrying blood through the tissues and organs; a vein, artery, or capillary.
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Capillaries
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Microscopic vessel through which exchanges take place between the blood and cells of the body
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Artery
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A blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart
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Vein
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A blood vessel that carries blood back to the heart.
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Hemoglobin
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Iron-containing protein in red blood cells that transports oxygen from the lungs to the tissues of the body
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Pharynx
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Muscular tube at the rear of the mouth, through which air travels to the larynx and food from the mouth travels to the esophagus.
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Epiglottis
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A flap of tissue that seals off the windpipe and prevents food from entering.
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Esophagus
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A muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach.
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Colon
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The large intestines
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Appendix
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A mass of lymphatic tissue at the beginning of the large intestine that helps trap ingested pathogens.
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Rectum
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A short tube at the end of the large intestine where waste material is compressed into a solid form before being eliminated
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Kidney
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One of the pair of organs that filter water and wastes from the blood and that excrete products as urine
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Ureter
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A duct leading from the kidney to the urinary bladder.
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Liver
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A large solid organ that lies in the right upper quadrant immediately below the diaphragm; it produces bile, stores glucose for immediate use by the body, and produces many substances that help regulate immune responses.
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Urethra
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A small tube through which urine flows from the body
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Autonomic nervous system
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The part of the nervous system responsible for control of the bodily functions that are not consciously directed, such as breathing, the heartbeat, and digestive processes.
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Neuron
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A nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system.
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Axon
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A threadlike extension of a neuron that carries nerve impulses away from the cell body.
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Dendrite
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Branch-like parts of a neuron that are specialized to receive information.
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Myelin
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A layer of electrical insulation that surrounds the axon.
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Synapse
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A junction where information is transmitted from one neuron to the next.
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Somatic nervous system
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the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles
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Medulla Oblongata
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Part of the brainstem that controls vital life-sustaining functions such as heartbeat, breathing, blood pressure, and digestion.
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Nerve
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A bundle of nerve fibers
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Central nervous system
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Brain and spinal cord
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Peripheral nervous system
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the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body
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Brain
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Control center of the nervous system
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Spinal cord
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Nerves that run up and down the length of the back and transmit most messages between the body and brain
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Cerebrum
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Area of the brain responsible for all voluntary activities of the body
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Cerebellum
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A large structure of the hindbrain that controls fine motor skills.
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Smooth Muscle
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Involuntary muscle found inside many internal organs of the body
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Striated Muscle
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A muscle that appears banded; also called skeletal muscle.
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Cardiac Muscle
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Involuntary muscle tissue found only in the heart.
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Dermis
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The inner layer of the skin, containing hair follicles, sweat glands, nerve endings, and blood vessels.
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Epidermis
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An outer layer of cells designed to provide protection
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Follicle
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Structure in the dermis of the skin from which a strand of hair grows.
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Melanin
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a substance that gives skin and hair its color.
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Epithelial Tissue
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A body tissue that covers the surfaces of the body, inside and out
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Voluntary Muscle
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A muscle you can control, such as arm and leg muscles
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Involuntary Muscle
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muscle that responds automatically to brain signals but cannot be consciously controlled
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Skeleton
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1. The inner framework made up of all the bones of the body. 2. A framework that shapes and supports an animal, protects its internal organs, and allows it to move in its environment.
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Tissue
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A group of similar cells that perform the same function.
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Vertebra
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bones that create the backbone/spine
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Joint
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A place in the body where two bones come together
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Ligament
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Connects bone to bone
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Cartilage
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A connective tissue that is more flexible than bone and that protects the ends of bones and keeps them from rubbing together.
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Compact bone
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Hard, dense bone tissue that is beneath the outer membrane of a bone
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Marrow
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The soft connective tissue that fills the internal spaces in bone.
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Tendon
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Connects muscle to bone
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Volvox
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lives in colonies, autotroph, has flagella for movement
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Euglena
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Plant-like protists that have flagella and eyespots and can be heterotrophs when they run out of food
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Paramecium
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most complex and specialized protist that moves by cilia; protist with cilia and two types of nuclei
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Flagella
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Whip-like structures that help with cell movement
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Amoeba
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A type of protist characterized by great flexibility and the presence of pseudopodia.
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Pseudopods
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A "false foot" or temporary bulge of cytoplasm used for feeding and movement in some protozoans.
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Cilia
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The hairlike projections on the outside of cells that move in a wavelike manner
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Cell Wall
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A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell
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Golgi Apparatus
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A structure in a cell that receives proteins and other newly formed materials from the ER, modifies them, packages them, and distributes them to other parts of the cell.
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
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A cell structure that forms a maze of passageways in which materials (ex: some lipids and proteins) are produced and carried to the Golgi apparatus and other cell parts.
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Nucleus
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A cell structure that contains DNA, the chemical instructions that direct all of the cell's activities.
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Nuclear Membrane
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The boundary around the nucleus that keeps the DNA inside and organelles outside the nucleus.
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Cell Membrane
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A thin, flexible barrier around a cell; regulates what enters and leaves the cell
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Ribosome
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A small grain-like structure in the cytoplasm of a cell where proteins are made.
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Mitochondria
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A rod-shaped cell structure that converts chemical energy in food to energy the cell can use to carry out its functions.
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Chloroplast
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A structure in the cells of plants and some other organisms that captures energy from sunlight and uses it to produce food.
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Chlorophyll
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A green pigment found in the chloroplasts of plants, algae, and some bacteria responsible for trapping light energy from the sun.
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Vacuole
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A sac inside a cell that acts as a storage area.
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Electric charge
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an electrical property of matter that creates electric and magnetic forces and interactions
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Circuit
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Loop through which electricity will flow
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Voltage
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The potential difference measured in volts. The amount of work to be done to move a charge from one point to another along an electric circuit.
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Parallel Circuit
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A closed electrical circuit in which the current is divided into two or more paths and then returns via a common path to complete the circuit.
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Series Circuit
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A circuit in which all parts are connected end to end to provide a single path of current.
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Magnet
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a material or object that produces a magnetic field.
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Magnetic Poles
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two ends of a magnet where the magnetic forces are strongest
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Electric field
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a field of force surrounding a charged particle
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Static Electricity
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A buildup of charges on an object.
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Static Discharge
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The loss of static electricity as electric charges transfer from one object to another
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Electric Current
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The continuous flow of electric charges through a material
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Chemical Cells
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Found in batteries produce voltage
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Solar Cells
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cells made of several layers of light-sensitive materials which convert sunlight directly into electrical energy
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Pulley
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a simple machine that consists of a grooved wheel with a rope or cable wrapped around it
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Screw
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An inclined plane wrapped around a cylinder
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Lever
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a simple machine that consists of a bar that pivots at a fixed point called a fulcrum
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Inclined Plane
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a simple machine that is a straight, slanted surface, which facilitates the raising of loads; a ramp
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Wedge
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A simple machine that is wide at one end and pointed at the other to help cut or split other objects.
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Wheel & Axle
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A type of simple machine consisting of a wheel and a rod running through the wheel
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Fulcrum
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The fixed point around which a lever pivots
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Compound Machine
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a machine made of more than one simple machine
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Machine
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A device that changes a force
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Mechanical Advantage
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the number of times a machine increases a force exerted on it
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Efficiency
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The percentage of the input work that is converted to output work
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Sliding Friction
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friction that occurs when one solid surface slides over another
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Static Friction
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frictional force that prevents two surfaces from sliding past each other
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Rolling Friction
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friction that occurs when an object rolls over a surface
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Fluid Friction
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When an object moves through a liquid or a gas.
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Balanced Force
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Equal forces acting on an object in opposite directions
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Unbalanced Force
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Forces that produce a nonzero net force, which changes an object's motion
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Gravity
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A force of attraction between objects that is due to their masses.
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Mass
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A measure of the amount of matter in an object
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Weight
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A measure of the force of gravity on an object
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Satellite
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A natural or artificial body that revolves around a planet
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Force
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A push or a pull
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Newton
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SI unit for force
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Friction
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The force that one surface exerts on another when the two surfaces rub against each other
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Free Fall
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the motion of a falling object when the only force acting on it is gravity
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Air Resistance
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Fluid friction acting on an object moving through the air; force that opposes the motion of objects that move through the air
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Terminal Velocity
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the constant velocity of a falling object when the force of air resistance equals the force of gravity; the maximum velocity a falling object can achieve
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Projectile
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an object that has been put into motion in the air by some force.
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Inertia
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Resistance of an object to a change in its motion
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Momentum
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Mass x Velocity; The product of an object's mass and velocity; The force or speed with which something moves
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Centripetal Force
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A force that causes an object to move in a circle
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Motion
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An object's change in position relative to a reference point.
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Reference Point
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A place or object used for comparison to determine if an object is in motion
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Distance
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The length of a path between two points
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Speed
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Distance/time
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Constant Speed
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Moving at a steady rate over time; Speed that does not change
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Instantaneous Speed
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The rate at which an object is moving at a given moment in time
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Average Speed
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The overall rate of speed at which an object moves; calculated by dividing the total distance an object travels by the total time.
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Velocity
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Speed in a given direction
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Slope
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Rise over run; The steepness of a line on a graph
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Acceleration
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Change in velocity divided by the time it takes for the change to occur
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Time
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In science class, we measure time in seconds.
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Cirrus
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Wispy, feathery clouds made of ice crystals that form at high levels.
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Cumulus
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Fluffy, white clouds, usually with flat bottoms, that look like rounded piles of cotton.
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Stratus
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Clouds that form in flat layers and often cover much of the sky.
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Global Winds
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winds that blow steadily from specific directions over long distances
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Coriolis Effect
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The effect of Earth's rotation on the direction of winds and currents.
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Air Mass
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a large area of air that has uniform temperature, humidity, and pressure
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Fronts
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when any two air masses meet. The four major types of fronts are cold fronts, warm fronts, stationary fronts, and occluded fronts.
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Hurricane
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a storm with winds of at least 74 miles per hour; a storm that forms over warm, tropical ocean waters
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Tornado
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a localized and violently destructive windstorm occurring over land characterized by a funnel-shaped cloud extending toward the ground
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Meteorologist
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scientists who study the causes of weather and try to predict it
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Atmosphere
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The envelope of gases that surrounds Earth.
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Troposphere
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layer of Earth's atmosphere closest to Earth's surface (where weather takes place and where most pollution occurs)
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Stratosphere
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12 to 50 km, Ozone held here, absorbs UV radiation
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Mesosphere
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50 to 80 km, most meteorites burn up here
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Thermosphere
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The outermost layer of Earth's atmosphere.
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Greenhouse Effect
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Natural situation in which heat is retained in Earth's atmosphere by carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor, and other gases
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Density
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Mass / Volume
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Air Pressure
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The measure of the force with which air molecules push on a surface
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Ozone
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gas that absorbs ultraviolet solar radiation, found in the stratosphere, a zone between 15 and 50 kilometers (9 to 30 miles) above Earth's surface; A form of oxygen that has three oxygen atoms in each molecule instead of the usual two.
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Barometer
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An instrument that measures atmospheric pressure: (Mercury or Aneroid)
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