Final Exam Review

Front 1

abiotic factors

Back 1

Nonliving parts of an ecosystem, such as water and air.

Front 2

biotic factors

Back 2

The living parts of an ecosystem, such as plants and animals.

Front 3

habitat

Back 3

The place within an ecosystem that provides the biotic and abiotic factors an organism needs to survive and reproduce.

Front 4

population

Back 4

All of the organisms of the same species that live in the same area at the same time.

Front 5

community

Back 5

All the populations living in an ecosystem at the same time.

Front 6

niche

Back 6

The way a species interacts with biotic and abiotic factors to obtain food, find shelter, and fulfill other needs.

Front 7

symbiosis

Back 7

A close long-term relationship between two species that usually involves an exchange of food or energy.

Front 8

mutualism

Back 8

Honeybees pollinate acacia flowers as they collect nectar for their hives. Both species benefit. This is an example of ________.

Front 9

commensalism

Back 9

A bird nesting in a tree has a place to raise its young. It neither helps nor harms the tree. This is an example of _____________.

Front 10

parasitism

Back 10

The roots of striga plants grow into host plants, robbing the hosts of water and nutrients. This is an example of __________.

Front 11

predation

Back 11

African lions eat zebras and other savanna species. This is an example of __________.

Front 12

carrying capacity

Back 12

The largest number of individuals of one species that an ecosystem can support over time.

Front 13

producers

Back 13

Organisms in an ecosystem that use an outside energy source, such as the sun, and produce their own food.

Front 14

photosynthesis

Back 14

The chemical process that uses carbon dioxide, water, and light energy to produce glucose and oxygen.

Front 15

chemosynthesis

Back 15

The chemical process that uses hydrogen sulfide or methane to produce glucose.

Front 16

food chain

Back 16

A simple model that shows how energy moves from a producer to one or more consumers through feeding relationships.

Front 17

food web

Back 17

A model of energy transfer that can show how food chains in a community are interconnected.

Front 18

energy pyramid

Back 18

A model that shows the amount of energy available in each link of a food chain.

Front 19

water, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide and oxygen

Back 19

What are three of the most important cycles of matter moving through an ecosystem.

Front 20

The EPA (the environmental protection agency)

Back 20

The endangered species act, the clean air act, and the clean water act were all enacted by the __________ to help protect the environment.

Front 21

restore, rethink, reduce, reuse, recycle

Back 21

What are the 5 R's?

Front 22

desert

Back 22

These biomes are the driest ecosystems on earth.

Front 23

grassland

Back 23

These biomes are also called prairies, savannas, and meadows and are the world's breadbaskets.

Front 24

tropical rain forest

Back 24

These biomes are found near the equator and are home to half of earth's species.

Front 25

temperate rainforest

Back 25

These biomes are found in the pacific northwest and have winters that are mild and rainy and summers that are cool and foggy.

Front 26

temperate deciduous forest

Back 26

These biomes are the most common forest ecosystems in the unites states and experience four distinct seasons.

Front 27

taiga

Back 27

These biomes exist only in the northern hemisphere and and occupy more space on earth than any other biome.

Front 28

tundra

Back 28

These biomes have permafrost - a layer of permanently frozen soil at all times.

Front 29

rivers and streams

Back 29

These freshwater ecosystems contain freshwater that flows.

Front 30

lakes and ponds

Back 30

These freshwater ecosystems contain water that is not flowing downhill and form in low areas on land.

Front 31

wetlands

Back 31

These aquatic ecosystems have a thin layer of water covering soil that is wet most of the time.

Front 32

estauries

Back 32

These ecosystems form along coastlines where streams or rivers flow into a body of salt water.

Front 33

open ocean

Back 33

Most of Earth's surface is covered by this type of ecosystem.

Front 34

coastal ocean

Back 34

These aquatic ecosystems are often called continental shelves or intertidal zones.

Front 35

coral reefs

Back 35

An underwater structure made from outside skeletons of tiny, soft bodies animals.

Front 36

succession

Back 36

The process of one ecological community gradually changing into another.

Front 37

deforestation

Back 37

The removal of large areas of trees for human purposes.

Front 38

desertification

Back 38

The development of desert like conditions due to human activities and or climate change.

Front 39

urban sprawl

Back 39

The development of land for houses and other buildings near a city.

Front 40

urban sprawl and increase in motor vehicle use

Back 40

What two trends triggered the need for more highways.

Front 41

oil spill

Back 41

Which of the following is an example of point source pollution?

Front 42

urban runoff

Back 42

Which of the following is an example of non-point source pollution?

Front 43

photochemical smog

Back 43

Caused when nitrogen and carbon compounds in the air react with in sunlight to produce ozone.

Front 44

acid precipitation

Back 44

Forms when gases containing nitrogenand sulfur react with water and oxygen in the atmosphere to produce rain with a low pH.

Front 45

particulate matter

Back 45

The mix of both solid and liquid particles in the air that, when inhaled, can cause difficulty breathing.

Front 46

CFC's

Back 46

These chemicals react with sunlight and destroy ozone molecules. As a result, the ozone layer is thinning and harmful UV rays are able to reach Earth's surface.

Front 47

carbon monoxide

Back 47

A gas released from vehicles and indutrial processes which, when inhaled, reduces the amount of oxygen that reaches the body's tissues and organs.

Front 48

heredity

Back 48

The passing of traits from parents to offspring.

Front 49

genetics

Back 49

The STUDY of how traits pass from parents to offspring.

Front 50

gene

Back 50

Determines everything from an organism's shape and physical appearance to its life functions and behavior.

Front 51

allele

Back 51

Contains different information for a trait.

Front 52

chromosomes

Back 52

Where are genes located?

Front 53

23

Back 53

How many pairs of chromosomes do human cells have?

Front 54

DNA

Back 54

What are chromosomes made of?

Front 55

6.7 billion

Back 55

The current human population of the world

Front 56

selective breeding

Back 56

The selection and breeding of organisms for desired traits.

Front 57

dominant trait

Back 57

A genetic factor that blocks another genetic factor.

Front 58

recessive trait

Back 58

A genetic factor that is blocked by the presence of a dominant factor.

Front 59

genotype

Back 59

The alleles of all the genes on an organism's chromosomes.

Front 60

phenotype

Back 60

How the traits appear or are expressed.

Front 61

heterozygous

Back 61

When an organism's genotype has two different alleles for a trait (Mm).

Front 62

homozygous

Back 62

When an organism's genotype has two identical alleles for a trait (mm).

Front 63

monohybrid cross

Back 63

A cross between two individuals that are heterozygous for one trait.

Front 64

dihybrid cross

Back 64

A cross between two individuals that are heterozygous for two traits.

Front 65

punnett square

Back 65

Used to show the probability of all possible genotypes and phenotypes of offspring.

Front 66

mendelian inheritance

Back 66

When an offspring's phenotype shows dominant and recessive patterns - 3 alleles, 3 genotypes, 2 phenotypes.

Front 67

incomplete dominance

Back 67

When an offspring's phenotype is a combination of the parents' phenotype - neither allele is dominant - 2 alleles, 3 genotypes, 3 phenotypes.

Front 68

codominance

Back 68

When both alleles can be independently observed in a phenotype - both alleles are dominant - 2 alleles, 3 genotypes, 3 phenotypes.

Front 69

multiple alleles

Back 69

A gene that has more than two alleles, such as blood type.

Front 70

sex-linked trait

Back 70

Traits that have alleles on the X or Y chromosome.

Front 71

polygenic inheritance

Back 71

Traits that are controlled by multiple genes, such as height.

Front 72

50%

Back 72

If pea plant color has mendelian inheritance, and a green pea plant (Gg) is crossed with a yellow pea plant (gg), what is the probability of producing a green offspring?

Front 73

100%

Back 73

If flower color has incomplete dominance, what is the probability of producing a pink flower if a red flower (RR) crosses with a white flower (rr)?

Front 74

50%

Back 74

If the gene for hair color is codominant, what is the probability of an orange cat (OO) and an orange/white cat (OW), producing an orange cat (OO)?

Front 75

0%

Back 75

Blood type has three alleles, A, B, and O. The A and B alleles are codominant and the O allele is recessive to both. What is the probability of a person with AB blood and a person with O blood having a child with type O blood?

Front 76

pedigree

Back 76

What is used to show genetic traits that are inherited by members of a family.

Front 77

mutation

Back 77

Any permanent change in the sequence of DNA in a gene or a chromosome of a cell.

Front 78

variations

Back 78

Slight differences in inherited traits among individuals in a population.

Front 79

natural selection

Back 79

The process by which individuals with variations that help them survive in their environment live longer, compete better, and reproduce more than those individuals without these variations.

Front 80

adaptation

Back 80

An inherited trait that increases an organism's chance of surviving and reproducing in a particular environment.

Front 81

evolution

Back 81

Change over time.

Front 82

extinction

Back 82

When the last individual of a species dies.

Front 83

regulatory gene

Back 83

A gene that regulates the expression of a trait.

Front 84

chemical reaction

Back 84

A process in which the atoms of one or more substances rearrange to form one or more new substances

Front 85

physical change

Back 85

A change in size, shape, or state of matter, but the identity of the substance remains the same

Front 86

chemical reaction

Back 86

A change in color, the formation of a precipitate, bubbles, and odor are all examples of a _________.

Front 87

chemical equation

Back 87

A description of a reaction using chemical symbols and chemical formula

Front 88

reactants

Back 88

The starting substances in a chemical reaction.

Front 89

products

Back 89

The substances produced in a chemical reaction.

Front 90

CaO + H2O

Back 90

What are the reactants in the following equation: CaO + H2O --> Ca(OH)2

Front 91

Ca(OH)2

Back 91

What are the products in the following equation: CaO + H2O --> Ca(OH)2

Front 92

reacts to produce

Back 92

What does the arrow in a chemical equation mean?

Front 93

Because of the law of conservation of mass

Back 93

Why is it necessary to balance chemical equations?

Front 94

coefficients

Back 94

What should you add to balance chemical equations?

Front 95

5

Back 95

What represents the coefficient? 5O2

Front 96

2

Back 96

What represents the subscript? 5O2

Front 97

10

Back 97

How many atoms of oxygen are there? 5O2

Front 98

endothermic reaction

Back 98

These types of chemical reactions absorb thermal energy

Front 99

exothermic reaction

Back 99

These types of chemical reactions release thermal energy

Front 100

activation energy

Back 100

The minimum amount of energy needed to start a chemical reaction

Front 101

increase the surface area, concentration, and temperature of the reactants.

Back 101

What could you do if you wanted to increase the rate of reaction?

Front 102

catalyst

Back 102

A substance that increases reaction rate

Front 103

inhibitor

Back 103

A substance that slows or even stops a chemical reaction

Front 104

decomposition

Back 104

A type of reaction in which one substance breaks down to form two or more substances.

Front 105

synthesis

Back 105

A type of reaction in which two or more substances combine to form one substance.

Front 106

double replacement

Back 106

A type of reaction in which the positive ions in two compounds switch places.

Front 107

single replacement

Back 107

A type of reaction in which one element replaces another in a compound.

Front 108

combustion

Back 108

A type of reaction in which a substance combines with oxygen and releases energy.

Front 109

Example of a single replacement reaction

Back 109

AB + C --> CB + A

Front 110

Example of a synthesis reaction

Back 110

A + B --> AB

Front 111

Example of a double replacement reaction

Back 111

AB + CD --> CB + AD

Front 112

Example of a decomposition reaction

Back 112

AB --> A + B

Front 113

4Li + O2 --> 2Li2O

Back 113

Balance the following: Li + O2 --> Li2O

Front 114

2K + 2H2O --> 2KOH + H2

Back 114

Balance the following: K + H2O --> KOH + H2

Front 115

CH4 + 2O2 --> CO2 + 2H2O

Back 115

Balance the following: CH4 + O2

Front 116

2H2O --> 2H2 + O2

Back 116

Balance the following: H2O

Front 117

global warming

Back 117

an increase in Earth's average surface temperature, can cause sea levels to rise, can cause flooding along coastal areas, can affect the kinds of living things found in ecosystems

Front 118

greenhouse effect

Back 118

the natural process that occurs when certain gases in the atmosphere absorb and release thermal energy from the Sun

Front 119

air quality index

Back 119

a scale that ranks levels of ozone and other air pollutants (0-300)

Front 120

coumpound

Back 120

A mixture that is composed of two or more separate elements.

Front 121

chemical bond

Back 121

A force that holds two or more atoms together.

Front 122

Because they are unstable in their natural state and they need to gain or loose electrons to form ions and become more stable.

Back 122

Why do elements form compounds?

Front 123

ion

Back 123

An atom that is no longer neutral because it had lost or gained valence electrons

Front 124

ionic bond

Back 124

The attraction between positively and negatively charged ions in an ionic compound.

Front 125

Metals and Nonmetals

Back 125

What types of elements form ionic bonds?

Front 126

They form when electrons are transferred from a metal to a nonmetal.

Back 126

How do ionic bonds form?

Front 127

protons

Back 127

Positively charged particles in atoms

Front 128

neutrons

Back 128

Particles with a neutral charge in an atom

Front 129

nucleus

Back 129

The control center of an atom

Front 130

electron cloud

Back 130

The area in which electrons are formed

Front 131

electrons

Back 131

Negatively charged particles in an atom

Front 132

orbital

Back 132

A mathematical function that describes the wave-like behavior of an electron in an atom.

Front 133

6.02 × 10^23

Back 133

The # of atoms in 1 mole

Front 134

Democritus

Back 134

This scientist believed that matter was made of small, solid objects that could not be divided, created, or destroyed. (He discovered the atom)

Front 135

Aristotle

Back 135

This scientist believed that all matter is made of fire, water, air, and earth.

Front 136

Dalton

Back 136

This scientist believed that all matter is made of atoms that can combine in specific ratios.

Front 137

Thomson

Back 137

Which scientist discovered the electron?

Front 138

Rutherford

Back 138

This scientist discovered the nucleus?

Front 139

Bohr

Back 139

Which scientist proposed that electrons move in circular orbits, or energy levels, around the nucleus?

Front 140

Chadwick

Back 140

Which scientist discovered that, in addition to protons, the nucleus also contains neutrons?

Front 141

electron cloud

Back 141

An area around the nucleus where an electron is most likely to be located.

Front 142

Atom

Back 142

The smallest piece of an element that still represents that element.

Front 143

Quark

Back 143

Smaller particles that make up protons and neutrons.

Front 144

Liquid matter

Back 144

Has a definite volume but not a definite shape; have weak attractive forces and are able to slip past one another to take the shape of their container; Water is an example of this state of matter.

Front 145

Solid matter

Back 145

Has a definite shape and volume; particles vibrate in place and have strong forces holding them together; An ice cube is an example of this state of matter.

Front 146

Plasma matter

Back 146

Consisting of positively and negatively charged particles; most common state of matter in the universe; Lightning and the gas in stars is an example of this state of matter.

Front 147

Gas matter

Back 147

Has no definite shape or volume; particles have very weak forces and move very fast so that they expand to fill their container; Water vapor is an example of this state of matter.

Front 148

crystalline solid

Back 148

A solid that has particles arranged in a specific, repeating order, such as a diamond.

Front 149

amorphous solid

Back 149

A type of solid that has particles arranged randomly, such as in charcoal.

Front 150

viscosity

Back 150

A measurement of a liquid's resistance to flow

Front 151

honey

Back 151

Which liquid has a really high viscosity?

Front 152

vapor

Back 152

The gas state of a substance that is normally a liquid at room temperature.

Front 153

kinetic energy

Back 153

The energy an object has due to its motion.

Front 154

temperature

Back 154

A measure of the average kinetic energy of all particles in an object.

Front 155

thermal energy

Back 155

The total potential and kinetic energies of an object.

Front 156

heat transfer

Back 156

The transfer of thermal energy from a warm object to a cooler object.

Front 157

vaporization

Back 157

the change in state of a liquid into a gas.

Front 158

sublimation

Back 158

The change in state from a solid to gas.

Front 159

deposition

Back 159

The change in state from a gas to solid.

Front 160

melting point

Back 160

The temperature at which a solid changes to a liquid.

Front 161

freezing point

Back 161

The temperature at which a liquid changes to a solid.

Front 162

condensation point

Back 162

The temperature at which a gas changes to a liquid.

Front 163

freezing point

Back 163

The temperature at which a liquid changes to a solid.

Front 164

solid to liquid

Back 164

In which state change is thermal energy ADDED?

Front 165

liquid to solid

Back 165

In which state change is thermal energy REMOVED?

Front 166

pressure

Back 166

The amount of force of particle collision applied per unit area.

Front 167

Gay-Lussac's Law

Back 167

States that as temperature increases, pressure increases while volume remains constant.

Front 168

Boyle's Law

Back 168

States that as pressure increases, volume decreases while temperature remains constant.

Front 169

Charle's Law

Back 169

States that as temperature increases, volume increases while pressure remains constant.

Front 170

Acid solution

Back 170

A substance that produces hydronium ions when dissolved in water; has a pH between 0-6 on the pH scale; sour taste; lemon juice is an example of this solution.

Front 171

Base solution

Back 171

A substance that produces hydroxide ions when dissolved in water; slippery when mixed with water; has a pH between 8-14 on the pH scale; bitter taste; detergent is an example of this solution.

Front 172

Neutral solution

Back 172

Has a pH of 7 on the pH scale; water is an example of this solution.

Front 173

matter

Back 173

Anything that has mass and takes up space

Front 174

saturated solution

Back 174

A solution that contains the maximum amount of solute the solution can hold.

Front 175

compound

Back 175

Matter made up of two or more elements chemically bonded together

Front 176

salt

Back 176

In a solution of salt water, what is the solute?

Front 177

homogenous mixture

Back 177

A mixture in which two or more substances are evenly mixed on the atomic level but not bonded together.

Front 178

substances and mixtures

Back 178

All matter can be divided into these two categories.

Front 179

concentration

Back 179

The amount of a particular solute in a given amount of solution

Front 180

water

Back 180

In a solution of salt water, what is the solvent?

Front 181

pH

Back 181

An inverse measure of the concentration of hydronium ions in a solution

Front 182

solute

Back 182

In a solution, the substance that is dissolved.

Front 183

solvent

Back 183

In a solution, the substance that is doing the dissolving.

Front 184

unsaturated solution

Back 184

A solution that can still dissolve more solute.

Front 185

mixture

Back 185

Two or more substances that are physically blended but not chemically bonded together

Front 186

solubility

Back 186

The maximum amount of solute that can dissolve in a given amount of solvent at a given temperature and pressure.

Front 187

hydroxide ion

Back 187

OH-

Front 188

hydronium ion

Back 188

H3O+

Front 189

element

Back 189

Matter made up of only one type of atom

Front 190

they dissociate and produce ions

Back 190

What happens when acids and bases dissolve in water?

Front 191

homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures

Back 191

All mixtures can be divided into these two categories.

Front 192

substances

Back 192

Matter that is always made up of the same combination of atoms

Front 193

indicator

Back 193

A compound that changes color at different pH values when it reacts with acidic or basic solutions.

Front 194

heterogeneous mixture

Back 194

A mixture in which substances are not evenly mixed

Front 195

elements and compounds

Back 195

Substances can be divided into these two categories.