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155 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Opera Seria
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Serious operatic piece
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Comic Opera
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a comedy and lighthearted opera
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Symphony Orchestra
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usually fairly large with string, brass, woodwind sections, and almost always a percussion section as well
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Da Capo Aria
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aria in A-B-A prime form
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Rounded Binary
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2 sections, 2nd section includes parts of the first
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Theme and Variations
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basic musical idea is repeated over and over, changed each time
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Sonata Form
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form in 3 sections based on 2 main contrasting themes
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Exposition
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1st, clear, strong, in tonic; transition, passage to next group; 2nd, more lyrical, in contrasting key.
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Development
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rapidly changing keys, exposition developed
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Recapitulation
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restatement of exposition, all in same tonic
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Sonata
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work meant for 1-2 instruments, commonly in 4 movements (1st=fast sonata form, 2nd=slow in various forms, 3rd=dancelike minuet or scherzo, 4th=fast and lively in a rondo)
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Symphony
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large scale work for orchestra in 4 movements. Exploits expanded range and follows similar form to sonata.
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Minuet
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ABA form, moderate tempo (minuet, trio, minuet)
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Scherzo
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livelier minuet form
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Rondo
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main theme returns several times in alternatives with other contrasting sections
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Rondo Sonata
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ABACAB: Tonic, V, Tonic, Any, Tonic, Tonic
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Concerto
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work for instrumental soloist and orchestra in 3 movements
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Cadenza
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Sections of a concerto near end of 1st movement, orchestra stops playing and soloist continues alone
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Chamber music
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music for small group of musicians in a small room
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String Quartet
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2 violins, 1 viola, 1 cello
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1st Viennese School
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Mozart, Haydn, Beethoven
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Romantic music features
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passionate and fanciful, music for home and public performance, highly individual, with memorable melodies and extreme tempo shifts
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Tempo rubato
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to slightly and briefly speed up or slow down tempo
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Program music
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Music accompanying a narrative
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Absolute music
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music not explicitly about anything
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Lied
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art song for solo voice and piano in German
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Strophic form
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repeats music for each verse
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Through-composed
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new music for each verse
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Modified strophic
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mostly strophic but changed at the end
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Song cycle
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group of songs unified in some manner
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Program symphony
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symphony piece related to a story
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Tone poem
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orchestral music in a single continuous section (a movement) in which the content of a poem, a story or novel, a painting, a landscape or another (non-musical) source is illustrated or evoked
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Nocturne
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is usually a musical composition that is inspired by, or evocative of, the night.
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Bel canto
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Italian operatic style characterized by singing with great agility and purity, lyrical melodic lines, melody is most important element
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New german school
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Wagner, Lizst, Berlioz, polarized division between supporters of them and Brahms supporters
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Leitmotiv
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musical motive associated with character, event, idea
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Nationalism
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decisive force in romantic movement, sought to unify and liberate a nation, create national identity
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Exoticism
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music that implies a certain culture
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The mighty handful
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5 Russian composers against professionalism of conservatories
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Verismo
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realism or naturalism, everyday people in extreme dramatic situations
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Expressionism
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expressed inner emotions VS outer appearances
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Impressionism
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outgrowth of French art and poetry- modes, exotic scales to give a specific impression.
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Post romanticism
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push Wagner to the limit, more chromaticism and continued Romantic ideas (german)
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Chromaticism
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use of notes that don’t belong to key
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Modal music
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music not in major or minor
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Dorian
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natural minor with raised 6
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Phrygian
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natural minor with lowered 2
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Lydian
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major with raised 4
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Mixolydian
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major with lowered 7
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Pentatonic
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5 notes
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Whole-tone
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all whole notes (6)
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Octatonic
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alternate half and whole steps (9)
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Avant-garde
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art that seeks to overthrow accepted asthetics
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Abstract art
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shift away from convention, not intended to be realistic
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Atonality
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music without a tonic center
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12 tone
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12 pitches that do not repeat (systematic ordering to avoid tonal center)
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2nd Viennese school
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Schoenber, Berz, and Webern
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Tone row
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12 pitches to be used in a specific order
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Matrix
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device used to quickly access all versions of a tone row
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Neoclassicism
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Style where new compositions are based on devices and forms of Classical and Baroque periods
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Ethnomusicology
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the study of social and cultural aspects of music and dance in local and global contexts
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Polytonality
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use of more than one key simultaneously
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Les six
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group of composers working against Wagner and impressionism
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Pitch class set
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related pitch sets based on number based system
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Serialism
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music written by applying 12 tone procedures to aspects other than pitch. Unpredictable
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Indeterminacy
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music in which some aspects are not determined by composer and are left to performance
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Chance music
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some aspects of compositional process are determined at random
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Electronic music
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music that uses sounds electronically or by tampering with prerecorded sounds
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Quotation music
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music that includes quotes of works from earlier styles
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Minimalism
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uses a deliberately restricted set of notes and sounds, lots of repetition
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The Marriage of Figaro
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comic opera by Mozart
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Requiem in D minor, K 626
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requiem by Mozart
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Symphony No 9 in D minor, Op 125
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symphony by Beethoven
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Symphony No 8 “The Unfinished”
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symphony by Shubert
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Nocturnes
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orchestral composition by Debussy
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Piano Sonata in B
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solo piano by Lizst
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Symphonie fantastique
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program symphony by Berlioz
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Barber of Seville
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comic opera by Rossini
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La Traviata
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bel canto by Verdi
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The Ring Cycle
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cycle of 4 operas by Wagner
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Symphony No 6 “Pathetique”
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symphony by Tchaikovsky
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La Boheme
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opera by Puccini
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Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun
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tone poem by Debussy
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Pierrot Lunaire, Op 21
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21 songs for voice and chamber ensemble by Schoenberg
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Wozzeck
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expressionist and atonal piece by Berg
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The Rite of Spring
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Ballet by Stravinsky
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Concerto for Orchestra
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Orchestral work by Bartok
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Afro American Symphony
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symphony by Still
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Rhapsody in Blue
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musical by Gershwin (solo piano and jazz band)
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Porgy and Bess
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opera by Gershwin
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Appalachian Spring
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ballet by Copland
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Carmina burana
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cantata by Orff
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Symphony No 5 in D minor Op 47
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symphony by Shostakovich
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Quartet for the End of Time
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chamber music piece by Messiaen
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Turangalila Symphony
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large scale orchestral piece by Messiaen
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West Side Story
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musical by Leonard Bernstein
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4’33”
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3 movement composition by John Cage, avant-garde
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Sonatas and Interludes for Prepared Piano
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avant-garde pieces by John Cage
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Einstein on the Beach
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minimalist opera by Philip Glass
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Nixon in China
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minimalist opera by John Adams
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Symphony No 3 “Symphony of Sorrowful Songs”
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Symphony by Gorecki, orchestra and solo soprano
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Bartok
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Hungarian composer and pianist, 1st ethnomusicologist, music kept tonal center, harsh sounds, and dissonance
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Ives
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American composer, musically isolated, wrote highly original works. Founded experimental music tradition in US, blended American band music, church music. European art music, and experimental work
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Varese
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French composer, liberated composition from musical compositions
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Still
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incorporated elements from Afro American musical styles
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Gershwin
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wrote popular music, music theater, film music, and serious concert music; often blended to one style. One of the first to blend jazz and popular music with classic tradition
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Copeland
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Best known for truly American symphonic style, wrote music in modern style but more accessible to audience, played important role in development of younger American composers. Early style jazzy and dissonant, middle was simpler diatonic harmonies and traditional songs, later was 12 tone
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Poulenc
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French composer, wrote in engaging style, best known member of Les Six
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Weill
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German composer- operas and Broadway Musicals
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Orff
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Soviet Music and wrote Carmina Burana
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Prokofiev
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Russian composer and piano virtuoso
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Shostakovich
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Russian composer, most prominent composer to spend career in Soviet Union
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Messiaen
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most important French composer born in the 20th century. Created his own musical system, transcribed bird songs, Gregorian chant, music theory of India
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Barber
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American composer, remained committed to tonality with intense lyrical flow
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Britten
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most important English composer of the 20th Century
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Bernstein
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American composer and conductor, often merged popular and classical styles
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Babbitt
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leading serialist composer in the US
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Cage
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Mortal Kombat champion and brother to actor Nicholas Cage, leading avant-garde composer after 1950. Invented prepared piano, challenged the concept of music and function of composer. Test your might!
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Carter
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Possibly most important living American composer, music is extremely dissonant, later works are more lyrical
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Crumb
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creates unusual sounds from objects as well as traditional instruments- music is eclectic and experimental but emotionally powerful
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Ligeti
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used a wide range of techniques and combined instruments into clusters of rapidly moving parts. Used more tonal materials later
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Reich
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American minimalist composer, often used small repeated unites that begin in unison and gradually move out of phase
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Glass
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American minimalist composer, very repetitive style
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Adams
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American post-minimalist composer, wanted to fuse minimalism with more lyricism and expressiveness
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Gorecki
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Polish, wrote Symphony of Sorrowful Songs
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Part
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individual blend of simple melodies in counterpoint, middle ages techniques, often very spiritual
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Dun
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Successfully blended western and Chinese musical elements and styles
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Stravinsky
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Russian composer, must influential of 20th Century. bold experimentor, used many different styles but kept his original sound. Shifting and irregular meters, sound blocks that succeed to transitions.
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Webern
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2nd Viennese school, Austrian composer, most important in next generation.
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Berg
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2nd Viennese school, adopted 12 tone method but used in a more lyrical way
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Schoenberg
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Austrian composer, teacher music theorist. First to abandon tonal music completely and invent 12 tone system
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Rachmmaninov
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Russian composer, conductor, virtuoso pianist. Wrote some best loved music and developed his own musical style that didn't correspond to his time.
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De Falla
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main Spanish composer, conductor, virtuoso pianist
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Williams
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leading English composer of early 20th Century
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Satie
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French composer, part of avant-garde, music broke with conventions, most influential to next generation of French composers. Led anti-impressionist movement, economical textures
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Ravel
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French impressionist composer, adhered closely to classic rules in form
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Debussy
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French composer and music critic, exponent of musical impressionism, introduced new composition approach and sensual side of music
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Strauss
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German composer and conductor, best known for tone poems and operas. Modeled after Berlioz and Lizst, used leitmotifs
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Mahler
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Austrian composer, best known for symphonies and songs for voice and orchestra. Last of symphonists, personal style, great intensity
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Wolf
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Austrian composer, best known for leider
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Puccini
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Italian opera composer, true successer to Verdi
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Dvorak
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Czech composer, blended folk and symphonic tradition, urged Americans to write American music.
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Tchaikovsky
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Russian composer, combined classical forms with Russian nationalism, best known for ballets and symphonies (1st to take ballets seriously). Music is extremely romantic
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Brahms
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German composer, pianist, coductor, distinctive voice of German Romanticism, blended lyrical and intellectual, used old forms in new ways. Trailblazer (past and present)
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Wagner
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German Opera composer, changed concept of Opera. Intense, unending style, Operas are long in scope and sound. Wrote his own libretti.
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Verdi
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Italian opera composer, important contributions to Opera's development, wrote battle cry for risorgimento. National hero and Senator.
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Rossini
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Italian Opera Composer, most successful opera composer of early 19th century, best known for comic operas and snappy rhythms and sparse orchestration. Developed Rossini crescendo and bel canto
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Berlioz
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French composer, conductor, critic. Best known for program music and brilliant use of orchestra.
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Franz Liszt
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Hungarian pianist and composer, great innovator from expressive to technical, virtuoso pianist, wrote music that predicted 20th century music ideas, Generous in advertising other composers, broke down strict classical forms.
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Chopin
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Polish composer and pianist, changed keyboard music by expanding range of piano in technique amd expression, wrote almost exclusively for piano, great improv skills, very personal style
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Schumann
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German composer and journalist, best known for piano music and lieder, extremely talented and influential music journalist. Music is sentimental and intimate, specialized in short character pieces (master of miniature)
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Classical form
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Comic Opera most popular, instrumental works gain popularity, piano replaces harpischord, sonata favorite form.
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Beethoven
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Best known and most influential composer, transitional from classical to romantic, greatest disruptive forces, 3 styles, 9 symphonies, 32 piano sonatas, concept of music as a form of expression
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Mozart
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Child prodigy, master of all genres, first composer to break out of patronage system
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Haydn
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Very prolific composer (104 symphonies), first great master of string quartet, best known for symphonies and vocal works
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