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101 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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With what did abolitionist and former slave Frederick Douglass most associate freedom?
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equal educational opportunity
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Abolitionist followers of William Lloyd Garrison generally
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opposed violence to achieve an end to slavery.
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What helped tie the sections of the United States into a single national market?
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extensive development in transportation and communication
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How did northern farmers fare in the decade of the 1850s?
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They experienced an economic boom.
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What trend developed in agricultural employment in the 1850s?
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A lower percentage of farmers grew more food than before.
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New immigrants usually found work as
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wage laborers in cities.
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What most spurred economic growth in the North in the 1850s?
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urbanization and industrialization
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What had become the most profitable product of the South by 1850?
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cotton
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What was the effect of the sale of so many slaves from the Upper South to the Lower South?
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The political influence of the Upper South was reduced.
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What percentage of Southern white families owned slaves in 1860?
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25 percent
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What had forced North and South into a final debate over the future of slavery by 1850?
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the disposition of land acquired in the war with Mexico
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Beyond even racism, what motivated Southerners in their determination to expand slavery into western territories?
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the defense of property rights and ability to move that property
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If adopted, the Wilmot Proviso would have
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banned slavery from all territory acquired from Mexico.
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How did Congress respond to the need for stable government in Utah and California after significant migrations of Americans there?
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Congress did little because of sectional differences.
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What argument regarding Congress's proposed restrictions on the expansion of slavery did John C. Calhoun advance?
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Congress had no authority over property rights in territories.
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What was the primary platform of the Free Soil Party in the election of 1848?
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Slavery should be barred from all territories.
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Who proposed the basic framework of the Compromise of 1850?
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Henry Clay of Kentucky
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Under the original compromise proposal
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slave trading was banned in Washington, DC.
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The proposer of the Compromise of 1850 gathered all its elements into a single piece of legislation known as
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the Omnibus Bill.
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What was the consequence of the Senate's killing the original package of the Compromise of 1850?
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A new generation of leaders took over Congress.
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Who took over leadership of the Compromise of 1850 in the Congress?
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Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois
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What strategy did the new leader employ to get the compromise proposals through Congress?
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He offered five separate bills, each designed to win different majorities.
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Who would have jurisdiction in fugitive slave classes following passage of the Compromise of 1850?
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federal commissioners
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How was the Fugitive Slave Law received in African American communities in the North?
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with terror, as they believed every African American was subject to slavery
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What novel illustrated northern anxiety over the Fugitive Slave Law?
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Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin
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Why did the Democratic Party nominate Franklin Pierce for president in 1852?
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He was a northern man thought to be sympathetic to the South.
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Why were many Irish immigrants considered racists?
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They competed with African Americans for jobs.
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Why was the American Party also known as the Know-Nothing Party?
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It began as a secret society.
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Stephen A. Douglas first introduced a provision for popular sovereignty in the
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Kansas-Nebraska Act.
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When Douglas divided Nebraska Territory into two territories, he expected popular sovereignty to
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result in one slave state and one free state.
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What was a major consequence of the introduction of the Kansas-Nebraska Act?
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It brought Abraham Lincoln back into politics.
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The New England Immigrant Aid Company
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sent settlers to Kansas to vote against slavery in the territory.
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Why was the first popular sovereignty vote in Kansas so one-sided in favor of slavery?
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Proslavery advocates from Missouri cast fraudulent votes in the election.
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Where did violence erupt in Kansas over the competing constitutions that permitted and banned slavery?
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Lawrence
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Who was the first presidential candidate of the new Republican Party?
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John C. Fremont
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What issue held the unwieldy Republican coalition together?
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opposition to slavery's expansion in western territories
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Why did the Democratic Party select James Buchanan of Pennsylvania as their presidential nominee in 1856?
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He was a northern man with southern principles.
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Why did Democrats argue that their party should prevail in the election of 1856?
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Only the Democratic Party could prevent the break-up of the Union.
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Southerners generally agreed that slavery was less efficient than free labor but believed slavery was the only way to
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get work done in an unproductive climate.
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Northerners generally agreed that
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slavery would collapse if expansion was denied.
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What was the most surprising outcome of the presidential election in 1856?
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how close the Republican Party came to victory
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What created the uproar in the northern reaction to Judge Roger Brooke Taney's decision in the Dred Scott case?
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Scott was not a citizen because he was black.
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Justice Roger Brooke Taney ruled that Congress had erred in the Missouri Compromise because that body
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had infringed on the property rights of southerners by banning slavery from the territory.
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Why did Stephen A. Douglas believe slavery would never exist in Kansas?
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Southerners would not take slaves there until laws were passed to establish slavery.
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For what office did Abraham Lincoln challenge Stephen A. Douglas in 1858?
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president of the United States
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Why did Stephen A. Douglas call Abraham Lincoln a “black republican”?
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Lincoln's claim that the Union could not survive “half slave and half free”
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Abraham Lincoln lost the election in 1858, and his battle
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made Lincoln a leading spokesman for the Republican Party.
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Between 1858 and 1860
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both North and South rejected the sanctity of the Union.
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Most white southerners regarded John Brown as
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a martyr.
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What caused some delegates to walk out of the Democratic convention in Charleston, South Carolina?
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Its nomination of Stephen A. Douglas, who was “soft” on slavery.
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How did Edmund Ruffin primarily use his fame as an agricultural reformer?
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to spread his proslavery message
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When southerners talked about “states' rights” to what did they really refer?
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the right of individuals to hold property in slaves
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What policy regarding slavery did President Abraham Lincoln state in his inaugural address?
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leaving slavery alone in the South
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What did delegates to South Carolina's secession convention cite as their reason for leaving the Union?
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A president who denied the right of property in slaves had been elected.
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Who were the “cooperationists” during the secession crisis?
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residents of the Upper South who agreed to remain in the Union if the Lincoln administration cooperated with remaining slave states
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What would have been the consequence of the Crittenden Compromise if passed?
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Congress could not have barred slavery from territories.
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Once the Lower South had seceded, Republicans concluded that
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any compromise amounted to northern surrender to southern blackmail.
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By the spring of 1861, most Southerners had concluded that
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no additional compromise with the North would succeed.
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Who did Confederate President Jefferson Davis send to Charleston to seize Fort Sumter and defend the harbor?
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General P. G. T. Beauregard
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President Abraham Lincoln has been accused of
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maneuvering the South into firing the first shot of the Civil War at Fort Sumter.
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What was the consequence of President Lincoln's call for volunteers?
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Arkansas, Tennessee, Virginia, and North Carolina seceded.
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Which Confederate state experienced the greatest opposition to secession?
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Virginia
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To what does the term “contraband” refer?
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runaway slaves in Union custody
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The first real test of Union and Confederate arms came in July 1861 at the
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Battle of Bull Run, or Manassas.
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Whose timely arrival with reinforcements saved the Confederates from defeat in the first battle in Virginia?
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General T. J. “Stonewall” Jackson
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Who commanded all Union forces when the Civil War began?
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General George B. McClellan
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What was the title of the Union's plan to squeeze the Confederacy into submission?
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Anaconda Plan
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During the Civil War,
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approximately 2.1 million men served in the Union army.
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How did President Lincoln want his generals to conduct the war?
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by launching an offensive that would capture Richmond
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Who was selected to serve as president of the Confederate States of America?
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Jefferson F. Davis of Mississippi, a moderate
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What was the most consistent source of tension in Confederate government?
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states' rights
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Who were Joseph E. Brown and Zebulon Vance?
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Southern governors more interested in states' rights than Confederate victory
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What was the most striking aspect of internal politics in the Confederacy?
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absence of a two-party system
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What made the CSS Virginia (the refitted Merrimac) effective on the first day of fighting at Hampton Roads?
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iron plating over wooden sides
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What kept the CSS Virginia from breaking the Union blockade?
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the arrival of the Monitor, a Union ironclad
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Which of the following was not a Confederate advantage?
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the Confederate navy.
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What was the South's greatest military advantage?
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its defense of its own territory
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To win the Civil War, the North had to
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defeat the armies of the Confederacy.
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How did England respond to the South's expectation of assistance?
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England refused to break the Union blockade or grant diplomatic recognition to the Confederacy.
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What motivated most Confederate soldiers to serve in the army?
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defending property rights in slaves
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What motivated most northern men to serve in the Union army?
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patriotism and preservation of the Union
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What enabled Congress to pass significant legislation such as creating land-grant colleges in 1862?
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the absence of southern Democrats from Congress
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In what battle did General George McClellan's army stop General Robert E. Lee's first invasion of Maryland in 1862?
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Battle of Antietam (Sharpsburg)
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The Battle of Antietam (Sharpsburg) had what important political consequence in addition to its military significance?
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It enabled President Lincoln to issue the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation.
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Which statement about the Emancipation Proclamation is not correct?
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It eliminated slavery in the United States.
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One result of the Emancipation Proclamation was
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European nations no longer supported the Confederate States of America.
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What was the immediate result of the Emancipation Proclamation?
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There was an immediate freeing of all slaves in America.
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Where did the Union army build the contraband camp known as “Freedman's Village”?
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Lee's plantation in Virginia
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African American soldiers constituted what percentage of the Union Army?
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10 percent
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Medical practices during the Civil War were
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primitive.
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The New York City Draft Riots in the summer of 1863
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targeted well-dressed men and the property of Republicans.
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The result of General Grant's victory at Vicksburg, Mississippi, was that
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Vicksburg was cut off from Confederate supply lines.
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At Gettysburg Battlefield, President Lincoln said that the Civil War had become
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a test of democracy and the principle of human equality.
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Which statement does not describe southerners' attitudes about the last few months of the war?
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Many were beginning to see the military advantages pay off.
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After struggling to find a successful commander of the Union troops in the west, President Lincoln chose
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General Grant.
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General Sherman's troops liberated
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Atlanta.
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Where did General Robert E. Lee surrender the army of Northern Virginia to General Ulysses S. Grant?
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Appomattox Courthouse, Virginia
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By 1870, the North was _____ percent wealthier than the South.
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50%
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Following the Civil War, the power of the slaveholder class was
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destroyed.
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How many men are estimated to have died in the Civil War?
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650,000
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On the evening of April 14, 1865, President Lincoln
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was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth.
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