Final Exam (From Exams 3 & 4)

Front 1

Isotonic Contractions

Back 1

the muscle changes in length and moves the load

Front 2

T/F:
Muscles only PULL, never push.

Back 2

TRUE

Front 3

Prime movers (Agonist)

Back 3

provide the major force for producing a specific movement

Front 4

Antagonists

Back 4

oppose or reverse a particular movement

Front 5

Synergists

Back 5

Add force to a movement

Front 6

Fixators

Back 6

synergists that immobilize a bone or muscle’s origin

Front 7

Naming Skeletal Muscles

Back 7

Location of muscle
Shape of muscle
Relative size
Direction of fibers

Front 8

Biceps, Triceps, Quadriceps is named for number of _________

Back 8

origins

Front 9

Pennate fascicles

Back 9

short fascicles that attach obliquely to a central tendon running the length of the muscle (e.g., rectus femoris)

Front 10

Forehead wrinkling caused by:

Back 10

Frontal belly of Epicranius

Front 11

Sticking tongue out is caused by which muscle?

Back 11

genioglossus

Front 12

Suprahyoid

Back 12

Form the floor of the oral cavity
Anchor the tongue
Elevate the hyoid
Move the larynx superiorly during swallowing

Front 13

Type of muscles found at body openings:

Back 13

circular

Front 14

"Levator" means what?

Back 14

elevates and adducts region

Front 15

Muscles that flex and rotate neck?

Back 15

scalenes

Front 16

Infraspinatus is on which side of the body?

Back 16

Dorsal

Front 17

True or False:
The gracilis is part of the hamstrings.

Back 17

FALSE

Front 18

Central nervous system (CNS) contains what?

Back 18

brain & spinal cord

Front 19

Autonomic nervous system (ANS) regulates what?

Back 19

smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

NOT skeletal

Front 20

Astrocytes

Back 20

Control the chemical environment

Recaptures neurotransmitters

Buffer K+

Front 21

Ependymal cells

Back 21

They line the central cavities of the brain and spinal column

Have cilia

Front 22

The sheath of Schwann cells is called

Back 22

neurilemma

Front 23

Dendrites

Back 23

Receives stimulus

They are the receptive, or input, regions of the neuron

Front 24

Axons

Back 24

conducts stimulus AWAY from body

Front 25

Question with group A, B, & C fibers:

Back 25

Group C not capable of saltatory conduction

Front 26

Saltatory conduction happens because of:

Back 26

myelin sheath

Front 27

Need to identify on synaptic cleft diagram (Fig 11.18)

Back 27

Ion channel
synaptic vesicles
calcium ions
synaptic cleft
postsynaptic membrane

Front 28

Direct Acting Neurotransmitters that open ion channels

Back 28

promote RAPID responses

Front 29

Temporal summation

Back 29

presynaptic neurons transmit impulses in rapid-fire order (one after the other)

Front 30

Spatial summation

Back 30

postsynaptic neuron is stimulated by a large number of terminals at the same time

Front 31

Subthreshold

Back 31

not enough to get reaction

Front 32

Threshold

Back 32

anything below this won't get it to membrane potential

Front 33

If the neural tube didn't develop, what would be affected?

Back 33

Spinal cord

Front 34

Ridges on brain are called:

Back 34

gyri

Front 35

Grooves on brain are called:

Back 35

sluci

Front 36

Cerebral Hemispheres are separated by:

Back 36

longitudinal fissure

Front 37

Central sulcus separates what?

Back 37

separates the frontal and parietal lobes

Front 38

Frontal lobe and temporal lobe are separated by what?

Back 38

Lateral sulcus

Front 39

Broca’s Area

Back 39

Motor speech area

Front 40

Hypothalamus function

Back 40

Thermostat- maintains normal body temperature

Front 41

Brain stem consists of:

Back 41

midbrain,
pons,
medulla oblongata

Front 42

Medulla

Back 42

Vital centers- heart rate, blood pressure, respiration

Front 43

Limbic System

Back 43

emotions

Front 44

Subarachnoid area is between the

Back 44

Arachnoid and Pia

Front 45

What secretes Cerebral Spinal Fluid?

Back 45

Choroid Plexus

Front 46

Visceral Sensory Area is responsible for:

Back 46

feeling full bladder, needed to breath when you hold your breath, etc

Front 47

The Axial Skeleton consists of what?

Back 47

Skull
Vertebral column
Bony thorax

Front 48

Sutures are found where?

Back 48

Skull

Front 49

Hyoid Bone

Back 49

Only bone of the body that does not articulate directly with another bone

Front 50

Atlas is found in which spine?

Back 50

Cervical

Front 51

Rib bones are attached to which spine?

Back 51

Thoracic

Front 52

Vertebra that have a transverse foramen are found in which spine?

Back 52

Cervical

Front 53

Weight bearing part of spine?

Back 53

Lumbar

Front 54

Scoliosis

Back 54

abnormal lateral curvature of spine

Front 55

Anterior longitudinal ligament

Back 55

continuous bands down the front of the spine from the neck to the sacrum

Front 56

Function of Intervertebral Discs

Back 56

absorb shock

Front 57

Which vertebra has no body and no spinous process?

Back 57

Atlas (C1)

Front 58

Center of gravity is found:

Back 58

1cm posterior to sacral promontory

Front 59

The xiphoid process is found inferior to the

Back 59

sternum body

Front 60

Antebrachium is which two bones?

Back 60

radius & ulna

forearm

Front 61

The carpus are the

Back 61

8 bones in the wrist

Front 62

The pelvic girdle consists of what 3 bones?

Back 62

ilium
ischium
pubis

Front 63

Linea aspera is found on which bone?

Back 63

Femur

Front 64

Membraneous areas between cranial bones in fetal skulls are called what?

Back 64

Fontanels

Front 65

Amphiarthroses

Back 65

slightly movable

Front 66

Gomphoses

Back 66

The peg-in-socket fibrous joint between a tooth and its alveolar socket

Front 67

synchondroses

Back 67

**A bar or plate of hyaline cartilage unites the bones

All synchondroses are synarthrotic

Examples include:
Epiphyseal plates of children
Joint between the costal cartilage of the first rib and the sternum

Front 68

Symphyses

Back 68

Hyaline cartilage covers the articulating surface of the bone and is fused to an intervening pad of fibrocartilage

Amphiarthrotic joints designed for strength and flexibility

Examples include intervertebral joints and the pubic symphysis of the pelvis

Front 69

Tendon sheath

Back 69

elongated bursa that wraps completely around a tendon

Front 70

Gliding Movements

Back 70

Flat bones

Intercarpal & intertarsal joints

Front 71

plantar flexion

Back 71

Downward movement of food

Front 72

Abduction

Back 72

movement away from the midline

Front 73

Inversion and Eversion happens where?

Back 73

The foot

Front 74

Gliding Movements

Back 74

One flat bone surface glides or slips over another similar surface

Front 75

Movement allowed in the shoulder?

Back 75

Multiaxial

Freely moving synovial joint

Front 76

Which bone in the leg is not weight-bearing?

Back 76

fibula

Front 77

Meniscus is:

Back 77

semilunar cartilage in knee

absorb shock

Front 78

Endomysium

Back 78

** Need to label**
fine sheath of connective tissue composed of reticular fibers surrounding each muscle fiber

Front 79

Perimysium

Back 79

**Need to label**

fibrous connective tissue that surrounds groups of muscle fibers called fascicles

Front 80

Epimysium

Back 80

**Need to label**
an overcoat of dense regular connective tissue that surrounds the entire muscle

Front 81

Sarcomere is the distance between ______

Back 81

2 Z discs

Front 82

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR)

Back 82

SR is an elaborate, smooth endoplasmic reticulum that mostly runs longitudinally and surrounds each myofibril

Functions in the regulation of intracellular calcium levels

Front 83

What do Calcium Ions bind to?

Back 83

Troponin

Front 84

refractory period

Back 84

Repolarization occurs in the same direction as depolarization, and must occur before the muscle can be stimulated again

The ionic concentration of the resting state is restored by the 
Na+-K+ pump

Front 85

Which is least likely to dislocate:
Shoulder or Hip

Back 85

Hip

Has the strongest ligaments in the body

Front 86

In cross bridge formation, myosin attaches to what?

Back 86

Actin Filament

Front 87

What happens during isotonic contractions?

Back 87

the muscle changes in length (decreasing the angle of the joint) and moves the load

Front 88

Why does rigor mortis occur?

Back 88

Shortly after breathing stops, ATP synthesis stops, but ATP continues to be consumed and cross bridge detachment is impossible.

Front 89

?? Matching question about I Bands

Back 89

Answer: actin

Front 90

?? Matching question about A Bands

Back 90

Answer: Actin & Myosin

Front 91

Need to label:

Back 91

I Band
A Band
Z Disc
Sarcomere?