Final Exam For Bio

Front 1

mRNA

Back 1

Messenger RNA: carries information from DNA to ribosome.

Front 2

tRNA

Back 2

Transfer RNA: Binds with specific amino acids, carry amino acids to ribosome.

Front 3

rRNA

Back 3

Ribosomal RNA: component of ribosomes, enzymatic function.

Front 4

What is in mRNA?

Back 4

Has codons to be translated by ribosome.

Front 5

What does tRNA do?

Back 5

adaptive molecule:

1. has to read codons.

2. carry appropriate amino acids.

Front 6

What happens during Initiation of mRNA Synthesis?

Back 6

Begins at promoter sequence. (TATA Box in eukaryotes)

DNA binds to protein.

DNA unwinds.

Enters at active site, unwound and base pairs are added to RNA strand.

Front 7

What happens during Elongation of mRNA synthesis?

Back 7

Rudder and zipper keep moving down the DNA strand, locking RNA molecule into place.

Complementary base pairs are made, antiparallel.

DNA goes out channel of protein and rewinds itself.

mRNA comes out of protein as a single strand.

Front 8

What happens during Termination on mRNA synthesis?

Back 8

Happens when terminator sequence in reached. Eukaryotes: polyadenylation signal (AAAAAAAA)

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What is primary transcript?

Back 9

product of transcription.

Front 10

What does RNA processing produce?

Back 10

More mature RNA.

Front 11

What are three ways to make RNA more mature?

Back 11

1. Adding of 5' cap- 2-methylguanasine

2. Removal of introns (splicing)

3. Adding of 3' poly A tail

Front 12

What happens in splicing?

Back 12

snRNPs find introns and remove them, exons then joined together.

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What is alternative splicing?

Back 13

creating a unique combo of exons so that 1 gene can code for more than one protein.

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How many different types of tRNA are there?

Back 14

40!!!!!!!!!!

Front 15

What enzyme attaches amino acids to tRNA?

Back 15

aminoacyl tRNA synthase

Front 16

What are the two parts of the ribosome called?

Back 16

Large subunit and small subunit.

Front 17

What is the A site in Translation?

Back 17

aminoacyl tRNA site- loaded tRNA enters here.

Front 18

What is the P site in Translation?

Back 18

Peptiolyl site

Front 19

What is the E site in Translation?

Back 19

E site- empty tRNA leave through the E site.

Front 20

What happens during Initiation in Translation?

Back 20

Starts with small subunit of ribosome.

Proteins called inititation factors.

mRNA binds to small subunit in ribosome.

-initiator aminoacyl tRNA binds to start codon, creates complementary base pairs with codon.

large subunit is then added to the process.

Front 21

What happens during Elongation in Translation?

Back 21

peptide bond formation

tRNA enters at A site

Addition of anticodon puts the amino acids very close to each other

peptide bond forms between the two amino acids

Translocation- ribosome moves codon down, tRNA shifts down as well.

Front 22

What happens during Termination in Translation?

Back 22

stop codon

Protein release factor binds to stop codon

empty tRNA is released.

synthesis stops

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What is a cell?

Back 23

basic structural and functional unit of life.

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Tissue

Back 24

group of cells that function as a unit.

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Organs

Back 25

groups of tissue organized into a unit.

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Organ system

Back 26

groups of organs and tissues that work together to perform a function.

Front 27

Epithelial tissue

Back 27

continuous layer of cells

cover body surfaces

line body cavities

endothelium- cells that line blood vessels

form glands

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Function of epithelial tissue

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1. protection

2. absorption

3. secretion (glands) NOT EXCRETION

4. sensation

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Two sides to epithelial tissue

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apical side (inside)

basolateral side (outside)- connects to other tissues.

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Connective Tissue

Back 30

relatively few cells

intercellular substance (matrix)

Front 31

Four types of connective tissue

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1. Loose: soft, extracellular matrix, provides padding

2. Dense: fibrous, extracellular matrix, provides connections

3. Supporting: form, extracellular matrix, functions in support and protection

4. Fluid: liquid, extracellular matrix, functions in transport

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Nervous tissue

Back 32

cells:

neurons- transmit electrical signals

glial cells- supporting cells

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Muscle Tissue

Back 33

moves body

pumps the heart

moving and mixing of food in digestive system

Front 34

Three types of muscle tissue

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Skeletal- attaches to bones

Cardiac- walls of the heart

Smooth- walls of digestive organs and blood vessels

Front 35

Homeostasis

Back 35

stability in chemical and physical conditions in n organism's body.

Front 36

Internal conditions maintained by homeostasis

Back 36

temperature

blood pressure

blood pH

blood glucose

Front 37

What are three parts of the Regulatory system?

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Sensor- sense the environment

Integrator- evaluates information, decids on action

Effector- carries out response

ex. hormonal regulation of blood glucose

Front 38

Electrolyte

Back 38

solute that ionizes in water, contribute to electrical signals

Ex. Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl-

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osmolarity

Back 39

concentration of dissolved substances in a solution

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isosmotic

Back 40

equal solute concentration

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hyperosmotic

Back 41

higher solute concentration

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hyposmotic

Back 42

lower solute concentration

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Passive transport

Back 43

based on concentration gradient

Ex. direct diffusion

channel proteins

carrier proteins

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active transport

Back 44

requires an energy source to move molecules against a gradient

Front 45

Primary and secondary active transport

Back 45

1. Sodium potassium pump- driven by energy from ATP

2. symporters, antiporter- driven by energy from gradient

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Cotransport

Back 46

Uses energy stored in an electrochemical gradient to transport a different solute against its concentration gradient.

Front 47

Symport

Back 47

solutes move in the same direction

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antiport

Back 48

solutes move in the opposite direction

Front 49

The nephron

Back 49

functional unit of the kidney

Front 50

Neprhon functions

Back 50

1. filtration- size selective

2. reabsorption- things added back into the blood

3. secretion

4. excretion- urine!

Front 51

filtration

Back 51

blood is filtered from glomerulus capillaries into Bowman's capsule

Front 52

reabsorption

Back 52

products being added back into the blood

Front 53

secretion

Back 53

continual secretion of substances into the tubular fluid, enhances the kidneys ability to eliminate certain wastes and toxins.

Front 54

excretion

Back 54

what goes into the urine, releasing of urine into the toilet!!!

Front 55

Composition of filtrate

Back 55

water

nutrients (glucose, amino acids)

wastes (urea, drugs)

electrolytes (Na+, K+, Cl-, etc)

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Ingesting

Back 56

taking in food

Front 57

Digestion

Back 57

breakdown of food into monomers

Front 58

Absorption

Back 58

uptake of nutrients

Front 59

Elimination

Back 59

disposal of wastes

Front 60

Nutrients

Back 60

proteins

carbohydrates

fats

Front 61

Essential nutrients

Back 61

some amino acids

vitamins

minerals

electrolytes

Front 62

Digestion

Back 62

chewing increases surface area

saliva lubricates food

enzymes begin to digest food- salivary amylase, lingual lipase (fat digestion)

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Esophagus

Back 63

muscle constricts, muscle moves food

muscle contraction moves in waves down esophagus, pushing food below to stomach

Front 64

Stomach

Back 64

muscle contractions mix contents

low pH due to HCl

Pepsin digests proteins

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Small intestine

Back 65

proteins, carbs and lipids are broken down by pancreas

monomer are transported into epithelial cells

transport is selective and active

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Large Intestine

Back 66

solid waste compacted into feces

additional water absorption occurs

normal microbiota digest cellulose and produce nutrients like Vitamin K

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appendix

Back 67

contains immune tissue

harbors symbiotic bacteria

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anus

Back 68

waster is eliminated through the anus