Vocabulary For Final Exam - Bio 156

Front 1

genes

Back 1

units of information about specific traits passed from parents to offspring

Front 2

alleles

Back 2

copies of genes dealing with the same trait

Front 3

homozygous dominant

Back 3

an individual has a pair of identical dominant alleles

Front 4

heterozygous

Back 4

two allele copies are different

Front 5

recessive allele

Back 5

trait is masked when paired with a dominant allele

Front 6

phenotype

Back 6

actual expression of a trait

Front 7

monohybrid cross

Back 7

tool used to predict probability phenotype for offspring of two parents with different alleles for the gene in question

Front 8

probability

Back 8

number between 0 and 1 that expresses the likelihood of a particular event

Front 9

theory of segregation

Back 9

when homologues separate into different gametes after meiosis II, the two genes of each pair separate as well

Front 10

locus

Back 10

location of a particular gene on a chromosome

Front 11

hybrid offspring

Back 11

offspring with a pair of nonidentical alleles for a trait

Front 12

homozygous recessive

Back 12

individual has a pair of identical recessive alleles

Front 13

dominant allele

Back 13

effect on a trait masks that of any recessive allele paired with it

Front 14

genotype

Back 14

the alleles an individual inherits

Front 15

P

Back 15

Parent generation of a cross

Front 16

F1

Back 16

first filial generation of a cross - offspring of a monohybrid cross

Front 17

F2

Back 17

second filial generation of a monohybrid cross - offspring of the offspring of monohybrid cross

Front 18

homologous chromosomes

Back 18

pair of chromosomes that resemble each other in size, shape and the genes they carry

Front 19

Punnett-Square

Back 19

tool for determining the probable outcome of genetic crosses

Front 20

testcross

Back 20

tool to determine a genotype of a parent using the observed trait the offspring

Front 21

virus

Back 21

a piece of genetic material inside a protein coat which is not a cell, but can infect the cells of other organisms

Front 22

provirus

Back 22

new DNA molecule created from a retrovirus

Front 23

bacteria

Back 23

prokaryotic cells with no nucleus, no organelles, most have a cell wall outside their plasma membrane

Front 24

coccus

Back 24

spherical shaped bacteria

Front 25

pili

Back 25

spiked formations that some bacteria use to stick to surfaces

Front 26

antiviral drug

Back 26

drug used to interfer with the ability of a virus to enter or replicate inside potential host cell

Front 27

epidemic

Back 27

disease rate increases to a level that is above what we would predict, based on experience

Front 28

HIV

Back 28

human immunodeficiency virus that destroys T cells, crippling the immune system

Front 29

capsid

Back 29

protein coat or shell of a virus particle

Front 30

prion

Back 30

small infectious protein that causes rare, fatal degenerative diseases of the nervous system

Front 31

prokaryote

Back 31

a bacterium; single celled organism with no nucleus and no organelles

Front 32

bacillus (plural bacilli)

Back 32

rod shaped bacteria

Front 33

plasmid

Back 33

small circles of extra DNA including a few genes inherited by daughter cells when some kinds of bacteria divide

Front 34

sporadic disease

Back 34

pattern in which a disease breaks out irregularly and affects relatively few people.

Front 35

pandemic

Back 35

term used to refer to epidemics that break out in several countries around the world in a given time span

Front 36

retrovirus

Back 36

RNA virus that infects animal cells, uses a reverse mode of pirating the host's genetic material

Front 37

reverse transcriptase

Back 37

viral enzyme which uses the RNA as a template from which it synthisizes a DNA molecule called a provirus

Front 38

eukaryote

Back 38

cell with a true nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles

Front 39

spirillum

Back 39

a bacterial cell with one or more twists to it

Front 40

antibiotic

Back 40

substance that can dewtroy or inhibit the growth of bacteria and some other organisms

Front 41

endemic disease

Back 41

disease that occurs more or less continuously

Front 42

AIDS

Back 42

a group of diseases caused by infection with the HIV

Front 43

genetic engineering

Back 43

genes are isolated, modified and inserted back into the same organism or into a different one

Front 44

restriction enzyme

Back 44

enzymes that can recognize and cut apart specific short sequences of bases in DNA

Front 45

sticky ends

Back 45

a restriction fragment's single-stranded tail can base-pair with a complementary tail of any other DNA fragment or molecule cut by the same restriction enzyme

Front 46

vector

Back 46

A "vehicle", such as a modified virus or DNA molecule, used to deliver genetic material into the body for gene therapy

Front 47

DNA sequencing

Back 47

process used to determine the order of nucleotides in a DNA fragment

Front 48

DNA fingerprint

Back 48

a unique set of certain DNA fragments that we have inherited from our parents in a Mendelian pattern

Front 49

transgenic organisms

Back 49

gene(s) from one species is injected into a fertilized egg, creating a new species

Front 50

recombinant DNA

Back 50

DNA created by cutting and splicing DNA from different species then inserting the modified molecules into cells that can replicate

Front 51

genome

Back 51

all the DNA in a haploid set of a species' chromosomes.

Front 52

polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

Back 52

fast way using computers to copy DNA

Front 53

gene therapy

Back 53

aims to replace mutated genes with normal ones

Front 54

gel electrophoresis

Back 54

a method for separating molecules (ie DNA, RNA or proteins) through a gel by their physical or chemical properties.

Front 55

clone

Back 55

identical copy made from DNA of parent

Front 56

simple epithelium

Back 56

single layer of cells lining body cavities, ducts and tubes

Front 57

pseudostratified epithelium

Back 57

single cell layer that looks like a multiple layer when viewed from the side because the nuclei of neighboring cells are staggered

Front 58

superior

Back 58

toward the head

Front 59

proximal

Back 59

closer to the center of the body than another part

Front 60

anterior

Back 60

referring to the front of the body

Front 61

frontal

Back 61

plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

Front 62

transverse

Back 62

across the body from side to side; divides the body into inferior and superior parts

Front 63

stratified epithelium

Back 63

has more than one cell layer, generally used for protection

Front 64

hyaline cartilage

Back 64

makes up parts of nose, ribs and wind-pipe; matrix is thickly laced with small collagen fibers

Front 65

inferior

Back 65

situated below and closer to the feet than another body part

Front 66

distal

Back 66

farthest from trunk or from point of origin of a body part

Front 67

posterior

Back 67

at or near back of body

Front 68

midsagittal

Back 68

plane that divides the body into left and right halves

Front 69

appendicular skeleton

Back 69

bones of the limbs, hips and shoulders

Front 70

bone remodeling

Back 70

process of ongoing mineral deposits and withdrawals from bone that adjusts bone strength and maintains levels of calcium and phosphorus in blood

Front 71

cartilaginous joint

Back 71

type of joint in which cartilage fills the space between adjoining bones

Front 72

ligament

Back 72

straplike dense connective tissue that connects bones at the joints

Front 73

tendonitis

Back 73

repetitive motion injury in which tendons and synovial membranes around joints become inflamed

Front 74

axial skeleton

Back 74

bones of the skull, backbone, ribs and breastbone

Front 75

compact bone

Back 75

dense bone tissue that looks solid and smooth

Front 76

synovial joint

Back 76

freely movable joint in which adjoining bones are separated by a fluid-filled cavity and stabilized by straplike ligaments

Front 77

tendon

Back 77

cord or strap of dense, regular conncective tissue that attaches a muscle to bone or to another muscle.

Front 78

carpal tunnel syndrome

Back 78

repetitive motion injury in which the tendons become inflamed and press on a nerve in the wrist resulting in numbness, tingling and pain in the fingers

Front 79

bone marrow

Back 79

connective tissue in the bones where blood cells are formed

Front 80

spongy bone

Back 80

bone tissue inside a long bone's shaft and at its ends

Front 81

fibrous joint

Back 81

joints in which fibrous connective tissue unites the bones

Front 82

osteoarthritis

Back 82

condition in which cartilage covering the bone ends of freely movable joints wears off causing painful inflammation

Front 83

actin

Back 83

a globular contractile protein nside a sarcomere, looks like a pearl, works with myosin to bring about contraction

Front 84

muscle fatigue

Back 84

state in which a muscle cannot contract, even if it is being stimulated.

Front 85

sliding-filament model

Back 85

for contraction; all of the myosin filaments stay in place. they use short, ATP-driven power strokes to slide the sets of actin filaments over them, toward the sarcomere's center

Front 86

oxygen debt

Back 86

results when muscles use more ATP than aerobic respiration can deliver

Front 87

myosin

Back 87

thick filament inside a sarcomere; protein molecules with a tail and a double head

Front 88

anabolic steroid

Back 88

substance that can produce a dramatic increase in muscle mass

Front 89

andro

Back 89

Short for androstenedione, a normal precursor to testosterone and other androgens. Taking andro can raise testosterone levels

Front 90

botox

Back 90

A substance derived from botulinum toxin that works by preventing nerve impulses from reaching the muscle, causing the muscle to relax

Front 91

creatine

Back 91

organic compound that transfers phosphate to ADP in a rapid, short-term, ATP generating pathway

Front 92

absorption

Back 92

digested nutrients and fluid pass across the tube wall and into blood or lymph

Front 93

gallbladder

Back 93

stores and concentrates bile that the liver secretes

Front 94

peristalsis

Back 94

waves of muscle contraction that help push the food bolus onward

Front 95

large intestine

Back 95

concentrates and stores undigested matter by absorbing mineral ions, water;

Front 96

villus

Back 96

absorptive fingers on the folds of the intestinal mucosa

Front 97

chyme

Back 97

mixture of a swallowed bolus and gastric fluid

Front 98

liver

Back 98

secretes bile for emulifying fat; roles in carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism

Front 99

stomach

Back 99

muscular sac, streetches to store food taken in faster than can be processed, creates gastric fluid to create chyme and kill pathogens

Front 100

colon

Back 100

also known as large intestine

Front 101

esophagus

Back 101

muscular, salive-moistened tube that moves food from pharynx to stomach

Front 102

pancreas

Back 102

secretes enzymes that break down all major food molecules; secretes buffers aganst HCI from the stomach. Secretes insulin, a hormonal control of glucose metabolism

Front 103

small intestine

Back 103

abosrbs all major nutrients and delivers unabsorbed material to large intestine

Front 104

salivary gland

Back 104

3 main pairs that secrete saliva a fluid with polysaccharide digesting enzymes, buffers and mucus

Front 105

ABO blood typing

Back 105

process used to determine blood type

Front 106

plasma

Back 106

makes up 55% of whole blood, mostly water, transports blood cells and platelets and other substances

Front 107

Rh blood typing

Back 107

used to determine the presence of the Rh factor

Front 108

mononucleosis

Back 108

from the epstein barr virus, typically known as the kissing disease

Front 109

anemia

Back 109

sign that red blood cells, with their cargoes of hemoglobin are not delivering enough oxygen to meet the body's needs

Front 110

platelet

Back 110

membrane bound fragments that release substances to initiate blood clotting

Front 111

white blood cell

Back 111

AKA leukocytes, fight infection,

Front 112

leukemia

Back 112

white blood cell cancer

Front 113

hemostasis

Back 113

process that stops bleeding and prevents excessive blood loss, includes spasms in affected blood vessels, formation of platelet plugs and the coagulation or clotting of blood

Front 114

red blood cell

Back 114

About 45 % of whole blood, aka erythrocytes, carries hemoglobin to transport oxygen

Front 115

hemoglobin

Back 115

iron-containing protein in the red blood cells that transports oxygen

Front 116

cardiovascular system

Back 116

made up of heart and blood vessels

Front 117

pulmonary artery

Back 117

carries blood from the heart to lungs

Front 118

vena cava

Back 118

collects blood from the upper and lower parts of the body

Front 119

diastole

Back 119

relaxation phase of the heart beat

Front 120

carotid artery

Back 120

artery in the neck that contains baroreceptors, which monitor arterial pressure

Front 121

carotid artery

Back 121

artery in the neck that contains baroreceptors, which monitor arterial pressure

Front 122

coronary arteries

Back 122

two arteries leading to capillaries that service cardiac muscle

Front 123

cardiac cycle

Back 123

sequence of muscle contraction and relaxation constituting one heart beat

Front 124

capillary bed

Back 124

dense capillary networks containing true capillaries where exchanges occur between blood and tissues, also thoroughfare channels that link arterioles and venules

Front 125

pulmonary vein

Back 125

returns oxygenated blood to the heart's left atrium

Front 126

aorta

Back 126

main artery of systemic circulation; carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to all body regions except the lungs

Front 127

systole

Back 127

contraction phase of the heart beat

Front 128

SA node

Back 128

sinoatrial node; generates waves of excitation causing the atria to contract

Front 129

AV node

Back 129

atriventricular node; located in the septum, slows the stimulator a little

Front 130

atherosclerosis

Back 130

condition in which cholesterol and other lipids build up in the arterial wall

Front 131

pathogen

Back 131

general name for viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and parasitic worms that cause disease

Front 132

phagocytic white cells

Back 132

macrophage or other white blood cell that engulfs and destroys foreign agents.

Front 133

immunological memory

Back 133

body's capacity to make a secondary immune response to a later encounter with the same type of antigen that provoked the primary response

Front 134

active immunization

Back 134

a vaccine (prepared substance containing an antigen) is injected into the body or taken orally, sometimes according to a schedule

Front 135

autoimmune response

Back 135

immune system's powerful weapons are unleashed against normal body cells or proteins

Front 136

blood pressure

Back 136

fluid pressure, generated by heart contractions, that keeps blood circulating

Front 137

HDL

Back 137

High density lipoprotein in blood, transports cholesterol to the liver for further processing - good cholesterol

Front 138

LDL

Back 138

low density lipoprotein, excess amounts contribute to atherosclerosis

Front 139

immune response

Back 139

third line of defense, occurs when lymphosytes recognize an invading pathogen and mount a specific response against the particular pathogen

Front 140

antibody

Back 140

Y shaped receptor molecules with binding sites for specific antigens, only produced by B cells

Front 141

histamine

Back 141

local signaling molecule that fans inflammation; makes arterioles dilate and capillaries more permeable (leaky)

Front 142

passive immunization

Back 142

temporary immunity conferred by deliberately introducing antibodies into the body

Front 143

hypertension

Back 143

elevated blood pressure can be associated with atherosclerosis and kidney disease

Front 144

histamine

Back 144

local signaling molecule that fans inflammation; makes arterioles dilate and capillaries more permeable (leaky)

Front 145

T cells

Back 145

launch cell mediated attacks on infected cells by releasing chemical weapons

Front 146

B cells

Back 146

launch atibody-mediated response by mounting a chemical counter-attack in the form of antibodies

Front 147

vaccine

Back 147

prepared substance that contains an antigen and is usually injected into the body to ward off a particular disease

Front 148

allergy

Back 148

immune response to substances called allergens

Front 149

alveolus (plural alveoli)

Back 149

tiny air sacs that bulge out from the walls of the respiratory bronchioles

Front 150

expiration

Back 150

exhalation; breath moves out

Front 151

oxyhemoglobin (HbO2)

Back 151

hemolobin with oxygen attached to it

Front 152

lung cancer

Back 152

tumors develop in lung tissue, with resulting loss of respiratory surface for gas exchange

Front 153

tuberculosis

Back 153

destruction of patches of lung tissue; possible spread of infection to other parts of the body, was rare in US, now noting a comeback with AIDS patients

Front 154

bronchus

Back 154

airway leading from trachea to the lung, epithelial lining includes mucus-secreting cells and cilia

Front 155

inspiration

Back 155

inhalation; draws of breaths of air into the airways

Front 156

tidal volume

Back 156

amount of air that enters or leaves your lungs in a normal breath

Front 157

bronchitis

Back 157

brought on when air pollution increases mucus secretions and interferes with ciliary action in the lungs, especially sensitive to cigarette smoke

Front 158

emphysema

Back 158

lungs become so distended and inelastic that gases cannot be exchanged efficiently

Front 159

diaphragm

Back 159

muscle partition between the thoracic and abdominal cavities, the contraction and relaxation of which contributes to breathing.

Front 160

lung

Back 160

saclike organ that serves as an internal respiratory surface

Front 161

vital capacity

Back 161

maximum volume of air that can move out of the lungs after a person inhales as deeply as possible

Front 162

pneumonia

Back 162

respiratory disease characterized by inflammation of the lung parenchyma (excluding the bronchi) with congestion caused by viruses or bacteria or irritants

Front 163

pulmonary embolism

Back 163

blood clot in the artery leading to the lungs, blocks blood flow to the lungs, causes heart failure, collapse of the cardiovascular system

Front 164

nephron

Back 164

functional heart of the kidneys, structures that filter water and solutes from the blood

Front 165

glomerulus

Back 165

first portion of the nephron where water and solutes are filtered from blood

Front 166

loop of Henle

Back 166

the hairpin-shaped tubular region of a nephron that functions in reabsorption of water and solutes

Front 167

filtration

Back 167

process by which blood pressure forces water and solutes out of glomerular capillaries and into the cupped portion of a nephron wall (glomerular capsule)

Front 168

urinary bladder

Back 168

storage organ for urine

Front 169

bowman's capsule

Back 169

cup-shaped portion of a nephron that receives water and solutes being filtered from blood

Front 170

peritubular capillaries

Back 170

set of blood capillaries that threads around the tubular parts of a nephron

Front 171

reabsorption

Back 171

diffusion or active transport of water and usable solutes out of a nephron and iinto capillaries leading back to the general ciruculation

Front 172

urethra

Back 172

tube that carries urine from the bladder to the body surface

Front 173

proximal tubule

Back 173

tubular region of a nephron that receives water and solutes filtered from the blood

Front 174

distal tubule

Back 174

tubular section of a nephron most distant from the glomerulus; a major site of water and sodium reabsorption

Front 175

secretion

Back 175

when a cell releases a substance across a plasma membrane into the surroundings

Front 176

action potential

Back 176

abrupt brief reversal in the steady voltage difference across the plasma membrane of a neuron

Front 177

dendrite

Back 177

short slender extension from the cell body of a neuron

Front 178

neurotransmitter

Back 178

signaling molecule secreted from neurons; act on adjacent cell

Front 179

sensory neuron

Back 179

any of the nerve cells that act as sensory receptors, detecting specific stimuli and relaying signals to the brain and spinal cord

Front 180

sodium-potassium pump

Back 180

transport protein spanning the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane; when activated by ATP, its shape changes and it selectively transports sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions in

Front 181

caffeine and amphetamines

Back 181

stimulant, increases alertness and physical activity at first, then depresses you

Front 182

amphetamines

Back 182

need

Front 183

axon

Back 183

long cylindrical extension from the cell body, with finely branched endings. when action potentials arrive at these endings, they trigger the release of neurotransmitters

Front 184

interneuron

Back 184

neurons in the brain and spinal cord that integrate information arriving from sensory neurons and that influence other neurons in turn

Front 185

resting potential

Back 185

the steady voltage difference across the plasma membrane of neurons and other excitable cells that are not being stimulated

Front 186

autonomic nerve

Back 186

nerves leading from CNS to muscle and glands of internal organs

Front 187

all-or-nothing event

Back 187

principle that states that individual cells in a muscle's motor units always contract fully in response to proper stimulation; if the stimulus is below a certain threshold the cells do not respond at all

Front 188

chemical synapse

Back 188

a narrow gap between a neuron's output zone and the input zone of a neighboring cell

Front 189

motor neuron

Back 189

relay signals from interneurons to the body's effectors-muscles and glands-that carry out the specified responses

Front 190

epilepsy

Back 190

seizure disorder that can be caused by brain injury birth trauma or other assaults

Front 191

acetylcholine

Back 191

neurotransmitter that can excite or inhibit different target cells in the brain, spinal cord, glands, and muscles

Front 192

reflex arc

Back 192

neural pathway in which signals from sensory neurons directly stimulate or inhibit motor neurons without inter-vention by interneurons

Front 193

mechanoreceptor

Back 193

sensory cell or cell part that detects mechanical energy associated with changes in pressure, position, or acceleration

Front 194

chemoreceptor

Back 194

sensory receptor that detects chemical energy (ions or molecules) dissolved in the surrounding fluid

Front 195

referred pain

Back 195

when receptors in some internal organs detect painful stimuli, the brain projects the sensation to certain skin areas instead of localizing the pain at the organs

Front 196

thermoreceptor

Back 196

sensory cell that can detect radiant energy associated with temperature

Front 197

photoreceptor

Back 197

a light sensitive sensory cell

Front 198

olfactory receptor

Back 198

receptors in the nasal epithelium that detect water-soluble or volatile substances

Front 199

retina

Back 199

a thin layer of neural tissue in the eye that contains densely packed photoreceptors

Front 200

pain receptor

Back 200

nociceptors - detects tissue damage

Front 201

pain

Back 201

perceived injury to some body region

Front 202

pheromone

Back 202

signaling molecules with roles in animals' social interactions

Front 203

hormones

Back 203

any of the signaling molecules secreted from endocrine glands, cells and neurons

Front 204

biological clock

Back 204

internal time-measuring mechanism that has a role in adjusting an organism's daily activities, seasonal activities, or both in response to environmental cues.

Front 205

hypothalamus

Back 205

brain center that monitors visceral activities

Front 206

pineal gland

Back 206

a light-sensitive endocrine gland that secretes melatonin, a hormone that influences reproductive cycles and the development of reproductive organs

Front 207

testis

Back 207

male gonad; primary reproductive organ in which male gametes and sex hormones are produced.

Front 208

seminal vesicle

Back 208

part of the male reproductive system; secretes fructose that nourishes sperm

Front 209

penis

Back 209

male organ that deposits sperm into the female reproductive tract, also houses the urethra

Front 210

oocytes

Back 210

an immature egg

Front 211

uterus

Back 211

chamber in which the developing embryo is contained and nurtured during pregnancy

Front 212

menstrual cycle

Back 212

the cyclic release of oocytes and priming of the endometrium to receive a fertilized egg

Front 213

epididymis

Back 213

a coiled segment of the spermatic ducts that serves to store, mature and transport spermatozoa between the testis and the vas (the vas deferens).

Front 214

prostate gland

Back 214

gland in males that wraps around the urethra and ejaculatory ducts, secretions become part of semen

Front 215

semen

Back 215

sperm-bearing fluid expelled from the penis during male orgasm

Front 216

ovary

Back 216

primary female reproductive organ, where eggs form

Front 217

cervix

Back 217

secretes mucus that enhances sperm movement into uterus and reduces embryo's risk of bacterial infection

Front 218

follicle

Back 218

primary oocyte together with the surrounding layer of cells

Front 219

vas deferens

Back 219

pair of thick-walled tubes through which sperm is propelled from the epididymis to the ejaculatory ducts

Front 220

urethra

Back 220

dual-purpose duct; serves as channel for ejaculation of sperm during sexual arousal; also for urine excretion at other times

Front 221

testosterone

Back 221

governs the growth, form, and function of the male reproductive tract; stimulates sexual behavior and promotes the development of facial hair growth and deepening of the voice at puberty

Front 222

oviduct

Back 222

one of a pair of ciliated channels through which oocytes are conducted from an ovary to the uterus; usual site of fertilization

Front 223

vagina

Back 223

organ of sexual intercourse; also serves as birth canal

Front 224

estrogen

Back 224

sex hormone that helps oocytes mature, induces changes in the uterine lining during the menstrual cycle and pregnancy and influences body growth and development