Final Cardiovascular And Respiratory System

Front 1

is the cardiovascular system open or closed?

Back 1

closed

Front 2

what kind of substances include mostly oxygen and carbon dioxide which are transported by RBCs

Back 2

respiratory substances

Front 3

what kind of substances include ood materials, which are absorbed through intestinal walls into the blood and are carried to cells for energy

Back 3

nutritive subtances

Front 4

what kind of subtances are nitrogenous wasted carried to the kidneys for filtration and elimation; water and certain salts are also carried

Back 4

excretory substances

Front 5

the cardiovascular system transports ____ that go from endocrine organs to target organs

Back 5

hormones

Front 6

3 functions of the cardiovascular system

Back 6

transportation, regulation, protection

Front 7

specialized blood cells for defense

Back 7

leukocytes

Front 8

the fluid connective tissue

Back 8

blood

Front 9

four-chambered double pump that circulates blood to lungs for gaseous exchange

Back 9

heart

Front 10

how many times does the heart beat per minute

Back 10

72

Front 11

forms a tubular network throughout body. permits blood to flow from heart to all living cells and back again

Back 11

blood vessels

Front 12

endothermic

Back 12

warm blooded

Front 13

exothermic

Back 13

cold blooded

Front 14

birds mammals and a few reptiles (crocodiles and alligators) have a how many chambered heart?

Back 14

4

Front 15

two components of blood (45/55 split)

Back 15

formed elements, plasma

Front 16

percentage of formed elements and plasma in blood

Back 16

hematocrit

Front 17

3 types of formed elements

Back 17

erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes

Front 18

type of formed element that transports oxygen and carbon dioxide. biconcave, anucleate. human metabolic rate is a lot higher

Back 18

erythrocytes

Front 19

formed element that aids in defense against infection by microorganisms. spherical and nucleated. only one that is a whole cell

Back 19

leukocytes

Front 20

two types of leukocytes

Back 20

granulocytes, agranulocytes

Front 21

3 types of granulocytes

Back 21

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

Front 22

type of granulocyte that phagocytizes bacteria

Back 22

neutrophil

Front 23

type of granulocyte that helps detoxify foreign substances; secretes enzymes that break down clots; kills parasitic worms; destroy antigen-antibody complexes

Back 23

eosinophil

Front 24

granulocyte that has a higher pH; aids in processes such as the inflammatory response; release heparin

Back 24

basophil

Front 25

secreted by basophil; what does it do

Back 25

heparin; anticoagulant, aiDs in prevention of clotting

Front 26

two types of agranulocytes

Back 26

monocytes and lymphocytes

Front 27

agranulocyte that develops into macrophages in tissues and then phagocytize cells

Back 27

monocytes

Front 28

agranulocyte that forms antibodies in the immune response

Back 28

lymphocytes

Front 29

type of formed element that are also known as platelets; important in blood clotting; seal small tears in blood vessels

Back 29

thrombocytes

Front 30

the stoppage of bleeding

Back 30

hemostasis

Front 31

constriction of damaged blood vessels (vasoconstriction)

Back 31

vascular spasms

Front 32

blood clotting; blood transformed from liquid to a gel

Back 32

coagulation

Front 33

prothrombin activator does what (chain reaction)

Back 33

converts plasma protein called prothrombin into thrombin (enzyme) which catalyzes the joining of fibrinogen in plasma to fibrin mesh, which traps blood cells and seals hole

Front 34

body can minimize the effects of loss of blood; reduces volume of blood vessels; increases the reduction of red blood cells

Back 34

transfusion and replacement of blood

Front 35

prevents the formation of clots

Back 35

anticoagulant

Front 36

most common type of anticoagulant used with transfusion of fresh blood

Back 36

heparin

Front 37

blood from another person or from self

Back 37

whole blood

Front 38

whole blood with most of the plasma removed

Back 38

packed red cells

Front 39

citrate or oxalte salts are used for what?

Back 39

blood transfusion; used for storing blood for about 35 days

Front 40

used to find out what blood type and other things about you

Back 40

blood tests

Front 41

a pale color or low hematocrit may indicate what

Back 41

anemia

Front 42

yellow color of hematocrit indicates what

Back 42

high fat content

Front 43

relative proportion of types of leukocytes

Back 43

differential WBC count

Front 44

used for physical exam many times before admission to th hospital; counts the types of formed elements; tests for clotting factors and hematocrit

Back 44

complete blood count

Front 45

medial cavity of the thorax

Back 45

mediastinum

Front 46

3 layers of the wall of heart

Back 46

epicardium; myocardium; endocardium

Front 47

layer of the heart, visceral pericardium; that is the lubricative outer covering. protects the heart, anchors the heart and prevents overfilling

Back 47

epicardium

Front 48

layer of the heart involved in muscular contractions that inject the blood from the heart chambers

Back 48

myocardium

Front 49

layer of the heart that is a lubricative inner lining of chambers and valves

Back 49

endocardium

Front 50

heart sounds are produced by what

Back 50

the closing of valves

Front 51

caused by valvular leakage or turbulence of blood

Back 51

heart murmurs

Front 52

when cusps of valves do not form a tight seal and are not working 100% efficiently; allowing the passage of blood (backflow usually) back into heart

Back 52

valvular insufficiency

Front 53

when walls around valve of heart are roughened or constricted. this makes it where they cannot form a tight seal

Back 53

stenosis

Front 54

frequent murmur caused by turbulent movement of blood though heart during exercise

Back 54

functional murmur

Front 55

cardiac muscle contracts by what mechanism

Back 55

sliding theory mechanism

Front 56

how many nuclei per cardiac muscle

Back 56

1-2 nuclei

Front 57

instead of triads in cardiac muscle

Back 57

intercalated discs

Front 58

junction of plasma membrane of adjacent cardiac cells

Back 58

intercalated discs

Front 59

prevent separation of adjacent cardiac cells during contraction

Back 59

desmosomes

Front 60

slows ions to pass freely from cell to cell. this allows transmission of depolarizing current across entire heart

Back 60

gap junctions

Front 61

amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in one minute. important in evaluating health of heart

Back 61

cardiac output

Front 62

volume of blood pumped out by a ventricle with each beat

Back 62

stroke volume

Front 63

difference between resting and maximal cardiac output; capacity the heart has to deal with increased need in oxygen

Back 63

cardiac reserve

Front 64

number of beats per minute

Back 64

heart rate

Front 65

heart rate _____ with increasing age

Back 65

decreases

Front 66

HR is lower for males or females?

Back 66

males

Front 67

HR is fastest/slowest in fetus?

Back 67

fastest

Front 68

most important extrinsic control of heart rate

Back 68

autonomic nervous system

Front 69

hormone that increases heart rate and contractility

Back 69

epinephrine

Front 70

hormone that increases metabolic rate and heat production in the body

Back 70

thyroxine

Front 71

has the most impact on the cardiovascular system

Back 71

ions

Front 72

important to propogation of action potential across membrane and is important in cardiovascular system also

Back 72

calcium

Front 73

reduced levels of calcium in blood; reduces heart rate

Back 73

hypocalcemia

Front 74

elevated levels of calcium in blood; interferes with contraction and may lead to spastic contractions

Back 74

hypercalcemia

Front 75

ion essential for contractions to take place

Back 75

sodium

Front 76

too much sodium; may block contractions

Back 76

hypernatremia

Front 77

too much potassium; may lead to cardiac arrest

Back 77

hyperkalemia

Front 78

three types of blood vessels

Back 78

arteries, veins, capillaries

Front 79

three layers (tunics) of blood vessels around a lumen

Back 79

tunica interna; tunica media;tunica externa

Front 80

innermost layer of blood vessel that contains endothelium lining the lumen that minimizes friction

Back 80

tunica interna

Front 81

middle layer of blood vessel that is usually thickes because it cntains the smooth muscle; mostly circularly arrranged smooth muscle cells and elastin

Back 81

tunica media

Front 82

outermost layer of blood vessel that protects, reinforces, and anchors

Back 82

tunica externa

Front 83

volume of blood flowing through a vessel, organ, or body in a given period

Back 83

blood flow

Front 84

where is blood pressure the greatest

Back 84

arteries

Front 85

the force exerted by bloodagainst vascular walls, measured in mmHg, keeps the blood moving

Back 85

blood pressure

Front 86

opposition to blood flow, depends on the amount of friction in vessels

Back 86

resistance

Front 87

the most resistance is away from the heart

Back 87

peripheral resistance

Front 88

3 sources of resistance

Back 88

viscosity, length of blood vessel, diamater of blood vessel

Front 89

device used to measure arterial pressure; usually used to check brachial artery

Back 89

sphygmomanometer

Front 90

produced as blood and is ejected from the heart during ventricular systole

Back 90

systolic pressure

Front 91

when ventricles relax during ventricular diastole

Back 91

diastolic pressure

Front 92

difference between the systolic and diastolic pressure; generally about 40mmHg

Back 92

pulse pressure

Front 93

when a person's blood pressure is 140/90 or greater; places increased strain on heart and vessels, common in obese people; harder to get blood out; difficult to determine the cause of high BP

Back 93

hypertension

Front 94

what system is the lifeline of the body

Back 94

cardiovascular

Front 95

the study of blood

Back 95

hematology

Front 96

excessive levels of bacteria or toxins in blood, aka blood poisonng

Back 96

septicemia

Front 97

clotted blood in tissus, results from injury, black and blue marks and bruises

Back 97

hematoma

Front 98

continued rapid heartbeat of greater than 100 beats/minute

Back 98

tachycardia

Front 99

persistent heart rate of less than 60 beats/minute

Back 99

bradycardia

Front 100

visual way of seeing heartbeat; used to identify abnormal cardiac rhythms

Back 100

electrocardiograph (EKG)

Front 101

causes unrestricted reproduction of immature leukocytes; depresses formation of erythrocytes and platelets; causes anemia and tendency to blood

Back 101

leukemia

Front 102

genetci disease where erythrocytes are disfigured or destroyed

Back 102

sickle cell disease

Front 103

infectious disease transitted by a virus in saliva. known as "kissing disease" primarily affects adolescents

Back 103

mononucleosis

Front 104

hardening of the arteries; part of the aging process of the body

Back 104

arteriosclerosis

Front 105

clogging of coronary vessels with fatty buildup

Back 105

coronary arteriosclerosis

Front 106

expansion or bulging of the heart, aorta, or other artery, problem is the breaking of the bulge

Back 106

aneurysm

Front 107

chemical that promotes the formation of urine, reduces blood volue. often prescrbed to manage hypertension

Back 107

diuretic

Front 108

failure of the heart to contract

Back 108

asystole

Front 109

heart beat is so strong fast or irregular that a person becomes aware of it

Back 109

heart palpitation

Front 110

weakened veins that become stretched or swollen. common in legs because of gravity.

Back 110

varicose veins

Front 111

varicose vein in the rectum

Back 111

hemorrhoids

Front 112

inflammtion of a vein; appears for no frequent reason, interferes with normal venous circulation

Back 112

phlebitits

Front 113

an incision in vein to withdraw blood

Back 113

phlebotomy

Front 114

generally of no clinical significance. about 10% of humans have this cardiovascular clinical consideratin

Back 114

heart murmur

Front 115

low blood pressure, usually not associated with health problems, caused by aging, poor nutrition, hormonal imbalance

Back 115

hypotension

Front 116

may develop suddenly or gradually. includes heart attcks, usually indequate coronary blood suppl, anatomical disorder, or conduction disturbances

Back 116

acquired heart disease

Front 117

inflammation of the heart muscle followed by cardiac enlargement and congestive heart failure

Back 117

myocardial disease

Front 118

refers to breathing; is the exchange of gases between atmosphere, blood, and individual cells

Back 118

respiration

Front 119

physical requirements of respiratory system

Back 119

thin walled, differentially permeable, moist, rich blood supply, effective pumping mechanism

Front 120

only mammals have this that increases the efficiency of intake of oxygen into the body

Back 120

muscular diaphragm

Front 121

micturition

Back 121

urination

Front 122

parturition

Back 122

childbirth

Front 123

jutting external portion that is part of face plus internal nasal cavity. warms, moistens,and filters air, serves as a resonating chamber for speech; houses olfactory receptors

Back 123

nose

Front 124

cavity of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium that filteres air here and elsewhere in the respiratory passage

Back 124

nasal cavity

Front 125

antibacterial enzyme that is secreted in the nasal cavity, physically traps dust, bacteria etc. and chemically destroys bacteria

Back 125

lysozome

Front 126

moved by cilia through throat, swallowed and digested in stomach

Back 126

mucus

Front 127

this reflex is initiated in the nasal cavity and expels irritants from the nasal cavity

Back 127

sneeze reflex

Front 128

air spaces in certain facial bones; produces mucus, provides sound resonance, lightens the skull; they are the reason you sound different when you hear yourself talk

Back 128

paranasal sinuses

Front 129

chamber connecting oral and nasal cavities to larynx; passageway for air into larynx and for food into esophagus

Back 129

pharynx

Front 130

voice box that contains vocal cords; is a short passageway that connects pharynx to trachea. is the passageway for air, sound production, and prevents food and foreign materials from entering trachea

Back 130

larynx

Front 131

keep food out of lower respiratory passages (part of larynx)

Back 131

epiglottis

Front 132

this reflex is initaied if something other than air enteres the larynx. work only when conscious

Back 132

cough reflex

Front 133

flexible tubular connection between larynx and bronchial tree. it is the passageway for air and the pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium filters air

Back 133

trachea

Front 134

bronchi and branching bronchioles in the lungs. it is a tubular connection between trachea and alveoli. is the passageway for air and continued filtering of air

Back 134

bronchial tree

Front 135

microscopic membranous air sacs in lungs; is a functional unit of respiration; is the site of gaseous exchange b/t respiratory and circulatory systems

Back 135

alveoli

Front 136

major organs of respiratory system; located in pleural cavities in thorax; contain bronchial trees, alveoli, and associated pulmonary vessels; have a rich blood supply; bright pink in color when blood is high oxygenated

Back 136

lungs

Front 137

serous membranes covering lungs and lining thoracic cavities

Back 137

pleurae

Front 138

the area with the alveoli; brings oxygen in and gets rid of carbon dioxide

Back 138

respiratory zone

Front 139

respiration begins with these within the lung

Back 139

terminal bronchioles

Front 140

groups of alveoli on terminal bronchioles

Back 140

alveoli clusters

Front 141

walls of alveoli are composed of

Back 141

squamous epithelial cells (TYPE 1 cells)

Front 142

alveoli are covered by...

Back 142

pulmonary capillaries

Front 143

air-blood barrier; formed at the junction of alveolar and capillary walls; gas on one side and blood on other; gas exchange made through simple diffusion; oxygen is moved to blood and carbon dioxide to alveoli

Back 143

respiratory membrane

Front 144

dust cells that crawl freely along internal alveolar surfaces; remove a huge number of infectious microorganisms; dead macrophages that are carried out by ciliary current to pharynx; rate is about 2 million/hour

Back 144

alveolar macrophages

Front 145

normal resiration rate and rhythm (12-15 per minute)

Back 145

eupnea

Front 146

breaths per minute for newborn; "" for 5 yr old

Back 146

40-80, 25

Front 147

the dfference between the pulmonary and intraplural pressure does what

Back 147

keeps the lungs open

Front 148

cuboidal cells in walls of alveoli; secrete surfactant that coats alveolar surfaces

Back 148

type 2 cells

Front 149

air flows into the lungs

Back 149

inspiration

Front 150

air flows out of the lungs

Back 150

expiration

Front 151

when muscles contract (diaphragm and external intercostals) diaphragm moves down and flattens, rib cage is elevated and broadens; volume of thoracic cavity increases; lungs stretch as intrapulmonary volume increases; intrapulmonary pressure drops to 1 mmHg; air flows into lungs until intrapulmonary pressure is 0

Back 151

inspiration

Front 152

when the muscles relax; diaphragm rises; rib cage descends due to gravity; sternum is lowered; volume of thoracic cavity decreases; elastic lungs recoil passively and intrapulmonary volume decreases. intrapulmonary pressure rises to 1 mmHg; air flows out until intrapulmonary pressure is 0

Back 152

expiration

Front 153

amount of air inhaled and exhaled at rest

Back 153

tidal volume

Front 154

amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after normal tidal inhalation

Back 154

inspiratory reserve volume

Front 155

amount of air that can be forcefully exhale after normal tidal exhalation

Back 155

expiratory reserve volume

Front 156

the amount of air remaining in lungs after forced exhalation

Back 156

residual volume

Front 157

the amount of air in lungs after max inspiratory effort

Back 157

total lung capacity

Front 158

max amount of air that can be expired after max inspiratory effort

Back 158

vital capacity

Front 159

max amount of air that can be inspired after normal expiration

Back 159

inspiratory capacity

Front 160

volume of air in lungs after a normal tidal volume expiration

Back 160

functional residual capacity

Front 161

taking deep breats, closing glottis an forcing air from lungs against glottis; can dislodge food particles from lower respiratory tract

Back 161

cough

Front 162

air is forced through nasal and oral cavities; clears upper respirator passages

Back 162

sneeze

Front 163

involved inspiration with short expirations; prmarily an emotionally induced mechanism

Back 163

crying

Front 164

sudden inspirations caused by spasms of the diaphragm; sound occurs when inspired air hits vocal folds of closed glottis

Back 164

hiccups

Front 165

deep inspiration with mouth wide open, ventilates all alveoli

Back 165

yawn

Front 166

hyaline-membrane disease; a common respiratory disease of neonates, especially preemies. alveoli of lungs are not developed sufficiently. responsible for about half of neonatal deaths; results from deficient production or surfactant fluid in alveoli

Back 166

infant respiratory distress syndrome

Front 167

incomplete formation of palate

Back 167

cleft palate

Front 168

genetic disorder that produces persistent infection. causes over secretion of mucus that clogs respiratory passages. excess mucus is a site for bacterial infections. impairs digestion by cloggin pancreatic and bile ducts. sweat glands do not function

Back 168

cystic fibrosis

Front 169

inhaling something into lungs for example vomit or excessive mucus

Back 169

aspiration

Front 170

when the nasal septum is so far to one side that it obstructs breathing. it can usually be corrected by surgery and it is not very serious

Back 170

deviated septum

Front 171

mushroom like benign neoplasms of nasal mucosa. increase in pollen and such. seems to be related to global warming; may be caused by nasal irritation; may also block air flow

Back 171

nasal polyps

Front 172

nosebleed; caused by injury, high blood pressure, leukemia

Back 172

epistaxis

Front 173

inability to breath in horizontal position

Back 173

orthopnea

Front 174

when air enters pleural cavity surrounding either lung and causes lung to collapse. more common term than atelectasis

Back 174

pneumothorax

Front 175

collapse of lung from any cause

Back 175

atelectasis

Front 176

caused by rapid travel from low to very high elevation; can lead to death from pulmonary and cerebral edema

Back 176

acute mountain sickness

Front 177

response to long-term change from low to high elevation. affects athletes many times and is why they travel to the place earlier

Back 177

acclimatization

Front 178

when depth and rate of breathing are increased. enhances alveolar ventilation; flushes carbon dioxide out of bloo and increases pH of blood. increasing gas exchange and increases amount of oxygen

Back 178

hyperventilation

Front 179

low level of carbon dioxide in blood; breathing into paper bag would increase the level of carbon dioxide

Back 179

hypocapnia

Front 180

when breathing is slow and shallow

Back 180

hypoventilation

Front 181

cessation of breathing may occur until carbon dioxide stimulates respiration again

Back 181

apnea

Front 182

inflammation of nasal mucosa

Back 182

rhinitis

Front 183

inflammation of sinuses

Back 183

sinusitis

Front 184

most widely spread of all respiratory diseases. no cure available, many different kins of viruses

Back 184

common cold

Front 185

viral disease that causes inflammation of upper respiratory tract

Back 185

influenza

Front 186

inflammation of tonsils

Back 186

tonsillitis

Front 187

inflammation of larynx; produces hoarse voice and limits ability to talk

Back 187

laryngitis

Front 188

inadequate delivery of oxygen to body tissues. many causes. skin and nailbeds become bluish

Back 188

hypoxia

Front 189

type of hypoxia. leading cause of death from fire. 200 times easier to combine with hemoglobin than oxygen. not easily detectable. may have reddened skin, confusion, and throbbing headache

Back 189

carbon monoxide poisoning

Front 190

acute infection and inflammation of lung tissue accompanied by accumulation of fluid.

Back 190

pneumonia

Front 191

accumulation of fluid

Back 191

exudation

Front 192

inflammation of the pleurae. associated with some infection such as pneumonia. pleural surfaces may become dry and rough or too much fluid may be produced. breathing can become painful and may collect in pleural spaces

Back 192

pleurisy

Front 193

COPD. many different kinds. examples are chronic bronchitis and obstructive emphysema. patients almost always have a history of smoking

Back 193

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Front 194

difficult or labored breathing; gets progressively more severe. coughing and pulmonary infections are common. patients usually develop respiratory failure

Back 194

dyspnea

Front 195

affects person who are allergic to dust mites, cockroaches, cats, dogs,and fungi. causes swelling and blocking of lower respiratory tubes. may be characterized by panic, coughing, labored breathing, etc. respiratory tubes become swollen and cuts off flow of air

Back 195

asthma

Front 196

about 1/3 of humans infected but most don't develop symptoms such as fever, night sweats, weight loss, severe coughing, spitting up blood.

Back 196

tuberculosis

Front 197

when inhaled irritants lead to excessive production of mucus. cigarette smoking is primary cause, but air pollution can contribute. imflammation and fibrosis of mucosa in lower respiratory passageways. bacteria thrive in stagnant mucus, frequent infections

Back 197

chronic bronchitis

Front 198

caused by breakdown of aveoli. frequent cause of death among smokers, may be hereditary. increases size of air spaces and decreases surface area. chronic inflammation leads to fibrosis and loss of elasticity of lungs. lead to "barrel chest" due to trapped air in lungs. people take deep breathes so muscles become bigger and chest increase. NOT a type of cancer

Back 198

obstructive emphysema

Front 199

caused by repeated inhalation of irritating substances such as cigarette smoke. 1/3 of all deaths from cancer each year. common in smokers over 50. cure rate is very low. more than 90% were smokers. most die w/i one year of diagnosis.

Back 199

lung cancer

Front 200

reflex center to empty stomach through esophagus, pharynx, and oral cavity. controlled by medulla oblongata. activated by GI tract, especially duodenum, by naueating odors, sight, motion sickness, and bdy stress

Back 200

vomiting center

Front 201

drugs that stimulate vomiting reflex

Back 201

emetics

Front 202

strong sustained contractions of upper small intestine followe by contraction of pyloric sphincter. relaxation of gastroesophageal constriction and contraction of pyloric portion of stomach. shallow inspiration, closure of glottis. compression of stomach against liver by contraction of diaphragm and abdominal muscles.

Back 202

mechanisms for vomiting

Front 203

caused by stimuli of vomiting center, may or may not cause vomiting

Back 203

nausea

Front 204

receives chyme from stomach and secretions for liver and pancreas. chemically and mechanically breaks down chyme. absorbs nutrients. transports wastes to large intestine.

Back 204

small intestine

Front 205

supports and attaches the small intestine. contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels

Back 205

mesentary

Front 206

3 parts of small intestine

Back 206

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

Front 207

deeps folds in mucosa and submucosa. covered by small villi.

Back 207

plicae circularis

Front 208

specialized lymph vessel, villus contains a capillary networks, autonomically innervated smooth muscle and this specialized lymph vessel

Back 208

lacteal

Front 209

villi covered by this that gives the wall of intestine a "carpet-like" appearance; promotes absorption

Back 209

microvilli

Front 210

local ring-like contractons occur in regions containing chyme

Back 210

rhythmic segmentations

Front 211

occur primarily in longitudinal muscle layer. no particular frequency. contrictive wave that moves along a segment of intestine, stops, then moves in the opposite direction

Back 211

pendular movements

Front 212

responsible for propulsive movement of chyme. wavelike contractions that are usually weak and short.

Back 212

peristalsis

Front 213

largest internal organ of the body. great vascularity gives it a reddish brown color. has two major lobes. removes toxic material, such as heavy metals

Back 213

live

Front 214

saclike organ attached to inferior surface of the liver. develops gall stones.

Back 214

gallbladder

Front 215

yellowish-green fluid used in digestive processes

Back 215

bile

Front 216

soft lobulated glandular organ. secretes pancreatic juice into duodenum

Back 216

pancreas

Front 217

secretes glucagons and insulin which control fate of digested carbs. found in pancreas

Back 217

islets of langerhans

Front 218

receives undigested wastes from small intestine. absorbs water and elecrolytes. forms, stores, and expels through defecation reflex; begins at terminal end of ileum and terminates at anus

Back 218

large intestine

Front 219

dilated pouch below ileocecal valve and prevents backflow of chyme

Back 219

cecum

Front 220

attached to inferior margin of cecum. serves to resist infection, has an abundance of lymphatic tissue

Back 220

vermiform appendix

Front 221

last part of anal canal (last 7.5 inches)

Back 221

rectum

Front 222

external opening of anal canal

Back 222

anus

Front 223

opening between oral and nasal cavities. immediate problem because it interferes with sucking and swallowing

Back 223

cleft palate

Front 224

inflammation of the lips

Back 224

chilitis

Front 225

difficulty swallowing. may be due to obstruction or injury of esophagus

Back 225

dysphagia

Front 226

inflammation of intestinal mucosa. discharge of loose stools that contain mucus, pus, and blood. can occur in other countries because of bad water

Back 226

dysentery

Front 227

most common kind of dysentery

Back 227

amebic dysentery

Front 228

caused by ingesting pathogenic bacteria or their toxins

Back 228

food poisoning

Front 229

most common organism that causes food poisoning. results from uncleanliness of person preparing food

Back 229

salmonella

Front 230

most serious type of food poisoning; occurs very commonly innature, toxins are poisonous, not organism. poison is a neurotoxin that is readily absorbed

Back 230

botulism

Front 231

cavities. gradal decalcification of tooth enamel and dentin. dental unlceanliness and sugar or carb rich diet may cause this

Back 231

dental caries

Front 232

occurs in people over 35, many types, including inflammation or deterioration of gingivae, alveolar sockets, periodontal membrane and cementum; caused by impacted plaque, cigarettes, poor diet

Back 232

periodontal diseases

Front 233

branch of dentistry that deals with misaligned teeth

Back 233

orthodontics

Front 234

grinding or clenching of teeth. usually happens at night during sleep. usually a response to stress. can wear down and crack teeth

Back 234

bruxism