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97 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
The symbiotic relationship with fungi called mycorrizae
allow plants to take up minerals, such as phosphorus
all of the following are methods plants have evolved to help them conserve water except for
mycorrizae. they conserve water y means of a waxy cuticle, stomata, and spores
in order to disperse water throughout themselves more effectively, plants evolved
vascular systems
early vascular plants few by only cell divion at the tips of stems and shoots, a type of growth called
primary growth
in a seed plant, the pollen grains are actually tiny
male gametophytes
the first seed plants were the
gymnosperms
among the longest surviving group of gymnosperms, the ___ had relatives alive on earth during the days of the dinosaurs
cycads
the second whorl of flowers is made up of ____ petals, with the purpose of ____
petals, attracting pollinators
the process by which flowers evolved brighter colors, nectar rewards, and fragrances to attract pollindators that themselves became adapted to certain types of flowers is called
coevolution
flowers frequented by insects are typically not ____ because insects cannot detect this color
red
in double fertilization, the second fertilization after fertiliaztion of the egg occurs with the
polar nuclei
divots evolved before or after monocots?
before
the major purpose for stems appears to be
to serve as a framework for the positioning of leaves
in plants, primary growth occurs at a growing center called an
apical meristems
the growing center that gives rise to outer layers of bark on both root and shoots is the
cork cambium
parenchyma
are primary cells, alive at maturity, least specialized and the most common
sclerenchyma
are cells that lack cytoplasm at maturity are tough and whick walled, and serve to strengthen tissues
______ are outgrowths of the epidermis that occur on the shoot, main function is to maintain heat and water balance
trichomes
ploem of angiosperms is made up of _____ lined up end to end, forming tubes
sieve tube members
within the epidermis of leaves are ____ whrough which gases, such as carbon dioxide and oxygen pass
stomata
Within a leaf, just beneath the upper epidermis, lie closely packed column like cells called
palisade parenchyma
in a mature tree, the point where the bark can be peeled off the wood is where the ___ lies
vascular cambium
the ___ is a waxy band of cells surrounding the endodermal cells in the root
casparian strip
the ___ of materials moved through the phloem occurs because of water pressure
mass flow
what types of plants are able to use animals as a source of nitrogen
carnivorous plants
when plants reproduce asexually, the offspring are called
clones
some plants reproduce asexually through hotizontal stems called
both runners and rhizomes
dioecious plants have
male or female flowers
in angiosperms, an unusual reproductive process involving two sperm cells occurs, called
double fertilization
the phenomenon known as as phototropism is due to the plant hormone ____ that regulates CELL GROWTH
auxin
the ____ promotes the GROWTH of buds into branches but inhibits the formation of lateral roots
cytokinins
when applied to underripe fruit, the hormone ____ HASTENS ripening
ehylene
_____ is a plant hormone that causes DORMANCY of many seeds
abscisic acid
the response of plants to touch is known as
thigmotropism
the plant response in which stems grow upward and roots frow downward is called
gravitropism
most to least comprehensive of taxonomic levels
kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species
nonadaptive
??
analogous
similar in function, but not in structure
homologous
similar in structure
polyphyletic
derived from more than one ancestor
monophyletic
developed from a a single ancestor
which structure is the outermost component of a bacterium?
gram positive" peptidoglycan cell wall/ peptide side chains
gram negative: lipopolysaccarides coat membrane
which structure is the outermost componenet of a bacterium
peptidoglycan, capsule
what is the function of a bacterium's capsule
protect cell surface, glue cell to some surfaces
protists are alike in that all are
eukaryotes
the chloroplasts of modern plants are thought to have been derived according to which sequence?
endosymbiotic cyanobacteria
endospore found in a gram-positive
formed under harsh environment conditions to protect bacteria for hundreds of years until conditions improve
sex pilus found in a gram positive
allow transfer from one cell to another (shorter than flagella and more in number)
flagellum in a gram positive
aid in mobility when nutrients are limited
cell wall in a gram positive
two laters, cell membrane and a thick wall of peptidoglycan
capsule in a gram positive
layer of polysachharide protects the bacterial cell and is then associated with pathogens because it serves as a barrier against phagocytosis by white blood cells
Panthera is a taxon at which level?
genus
what kind of relationship exists between the Lyme disease causing bacterium B. burgdorferi and humas?
it is spread through a tick bite, lesison followed by malaise, fever, and fatigue, stiff neck and a headache.
the largest seaweeds belongn to which group?
brown algae, giant kelp
which of the following is not true of peptidoglycan?
network of polysaccaride molecules lunked together by protein cross links. cell wallks of archae lack it and many species of bacteria have a cell wall composed of it. others have a thin layer with other materials (gram positive and gram negative)
what makes certain algae appear red
red pigments called phycobilins
which organisms represent the common ancestor of all photosynthetic plastids found in eukaryotes?
cyanobacteria
angiosperms are the most successful terrestrial plants. this success is due to all of the following except
it is successful because they have flowers, can attract pollindaros, and insects can disperse poklen
a paramecium is
a ciliate with complex digestive system and intake channels for bacteria and food particles. reproduce by fission
in ciliates, the proces that produces genetic variation through the exchange of nuclei is
conjugation
all of the following are found in angiosperms except
found in angiosperms : they flower, naturally pollinated by events, mature to become fruit, ovules enclosed in carpel
the main way that pine trees disperse their offspring is by using
seeds blown by the wind
a stamen consits of
male parts that produce pollen. anther is at the tip and has pollen
both animals and fungi are heterotrophic. what distinguishes animal heterorophy from fungal heterotrophy
only animals derive their nutrition from ingesting their prey
the primary role of a mushreooms underground mycelium is
absorbing nutrients
in separate fungi, what structures allow cytoplasmic streaming to distribute needed nutrients, synthesized compounds, and organelles throughout the hyphae
pores in septal walls
what do fungi and arthopods have in common
both use chitin for protective coats
the symbiotic associations involving roots and soil fungi are considered
symbiotic mycorrizae
the ascomycetes get their name from which aspect of their life cycle
the ascus, a characteristic sexual tool where the zygote forms
chemicals, secreted by soil fungi, that inhibit the growtyh of bacteria aare known as
antibiotics
how are mushrooms and toadstools classified
fungi with gills
lichens are symbiotic associations of funger and ____
a photosynthetic partner
a stamen consits of
male parts that produce pollen. anther is at the tip and has pollen
both animals and fungi are heterotrophic. what distinguishes animal heterorophy from fungal heterotrophy
only animals derive their nutrition from ingesting their prey
the primary role of a mushreooms underground mycelium is
absorbing nutrients
in separate fungi, what structures allow cytoplasmic streaming to distribute needed nutrients, synthesized compounds, and organelles throughout the hyphae
pores in septal walls
what do fungi and arthopods have in common
both use chitin for protective coats
the symbiotic associations involving roots and soil fungi are considered
symbiotic mycorrizae
the ascomycetes get their name from which aspect of their life cycle
the ascus, a characteristic sexual tool where the zygote forms
chemicals, secreted by soil fungi, that inhibit the growtyh of bacteria aare known as
antibiotics
how are mushrooms and toadstools classified
fungi with gills
lichens are symbiotic associations of funger and ____
a photosynthetic partner
an evolutionary adaptation that increases exposure of a plant to light in a dense forest is
apical dominance
in sac fungi, karyogamy and meiosis occur in
ascus or asocarp
which part of a plant absorbs most of the water and minerals taken up from the soil?
roots and apical meristem
the photosynthetic symbiont of a lichen is often a
ascomycete
vascular plant tissue includes all of the following cell types except
strands of cpecialized cylindrical or elongated cells that form a network throughout the plant, this includes sieve tube members, sieve cells, trachids, vessel elements, companion cells
a person working wtith plants may remove apical dominance by doing which of the following
pruning
one important difference between the anonotmy of roots and the anatomy of leaves is that
a waxy cuticle covers leaves but is absent in roots
what effect does "pinching back" have on a houseplant
plant will grow fuller
in leaves, chloroplasts are found in
palisade mesophyll, in cyplasm of cell
wood consists
of accumulated secondary xylem, vascular cambium, cork cambium (bark)
pores on the leaf surface that function in gas exchange are called
stoma
root hairs are most important to a plant because they
increase surface area and absorb nutrients of water for the rest of the plants
which of the following types of plants is not able to self-pollinate
dioecious
which of the following is the correct order of florals organs from from the outside to the inside of a complete flower?
sepal, petals, stamen, (anther on top) carpel, (ovary, style, stigma)
which of these involves a symbiotic relationship
lichen and mycorrizae