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318 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are proteins building blocks?
|
amino acids
|
|
How many amino acids chained together make a protein
|
100
|
|
What form of lipid are 3 fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule backbone
|
Triglyceride
|
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What form of lipid is used as the major component of plasma membranes
|
Phosphlipids
|
|
A phosphate molecule and 2 fatty acids make up what form of lipid
|
phospholipid
|
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Which form of lipid has a hydrophobic part and a hydrophilic part
|
phospholipids
|
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Which form of lipid is an example of cholesterol needed for stabilizing plasma membranes
|
steriods
|
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What are three types of steriod hormones
|
testosterone, estrogen, progesterone
|
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Which macromolecule is composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
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Protein
|
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What are the 4 function of proteins
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Structural reasons, communication, membrane transport, enzyme
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What is the structure of proteins?
|
collagen and keratin
|
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Where is the structure of protein (colagen) found
|
in skin and bones
|
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Where is the structure of protein (keratin) found
|
dead skin, nails
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What does membrane transport do
|
allows certain substances in and out of the cell
|
|
What is the function of an enzyme (catalyst)
|
speeds things up
|
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What are the 4 types of macromolecules
|
Lipids, proteins, nucleic acid, carbohydrates
|
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What does the macromolecule nucleic acid include
|
DNA & RNA
|
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What is ATP?
|
our form of energy, also called a nucleotide
|
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What is the plasma membrane made up of?
|
bilayer components, phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins
|
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What are the three types of membrane proteins
|
Channel proteins, protein gates, protein pump
|
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What does a channel protein do?
|
helps transport anything small enough that can come in and out
|
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What does a protein gate do?
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selects what can get through
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What is the function of a protein pump?
|
uses ATP energy to move substances against the grain
|
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What is cytoplasm
|
everything in the cell except the nucleus
|
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What is in the cytoplasm
|
Cytosol
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What is cytosol
|
fluid of the cell (mostly water)
|
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What are organelles
|
structures suspended in the cytosol that perform functions for the cell
|
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What is found in the cytoplasm
|
cytolsol and organelles
|
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What ist he control center of a cell that contains DNA and RNA
|
nucleus
|
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What does the nucleous envelope of the nucleus contains and what is it used for
|
contains pores for transportations of materials
|
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Do RBC contain a nucleous
|
no
|
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What is the name of the series of membrane hallways or tunnels throughout the cytosol
|
Endoplasmic reticulum
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What part of the cell is used for controlling the movement of some materials in the cell?
|
endoplasmic reticulum
|
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Which part of the cell has organelles called ribosomes embedded in their walls where phospoilids are made
|
rough ER
|
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What is the function of ribosomes in the cell
|
location where proteins are made
|
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What part of the cell stores calcium ions
|
smooth ER
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What part of the cell destroys and detoxifies toxins?
|
smooth ER
|
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What is the golgi complex?
|
a series of stacked membrane tunnels
|
|
What is the function of the golgi complex?
|
the next stop after the rought er, corrects any mistakes made during production of proteins
|
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What part of the cell surrounds the finished product in a membrane bubble?
|
golgi complex
|
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what part of the cell contains destructive enzymes in its walls
|
lysosome
|
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What part of the cell engulfs bacteria, debris and old ineffective organelles
|
lysosome
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What is the considered the "mighty powerhouse" of the cell?
|
mitochondria
|
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What part of the cell has oval shaped organeles with lots of membrane folds inside
|
mitochondria
|
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what pare of the cell is the energy provider for the cell
|
mitochondria
|
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what part of the cell produces ATP
|
mitochondria
|
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What is the function of the centrioles
|
help a cell produce cilia or flagella
|
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What are cilia
|
hairlike extensions of a cells free surface
|
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What is the function of cilia
|
move material across cell surface * helps with cell division
|
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What is the tail like extension off the plasma membrane used for motility
|
flagellum
|
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What are two examples of flagellum
|
sperm cell, bacteria
|
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What are microvilli
|
small holes in the plasma membranes free surface
|
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What are the three parts of centrioles
|
microvilli, flagellum, cilia
|
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What is the function of microvilli
|
absorption and some sensory processes
|
|
What is plasma membrane transport
|
different ways things come in an dout of cell
|
|
Which form of transport happpens on its own and does not require ATP
|
passive mechanisms
|
|
What is simple diffusion
|
movement of molecules from areas of higher concentration to lower concentration
|
|
What is facilitated diffusion
|
movement of molecules from areas of higher concentration to lower concentration, protein channels help it happen
|
|
What is osmosis
|
movement of H2O from high water conce. to low H20 concent.
|
|
Which form of movement requires ATP
|
active transport
|
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Movement from lower concentration to higher concentration is a form of what transport?
|
active transport
|
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Which form of transport requires protein pump and ATP
|
active transport
|
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What are groups of cells with similar functions called?
|
tissues
|
|
What are the 4 types of tissues
|
epithelial, connective, nervous, muscle
|
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What are the thin layer or layers of cells found as coverings or linings on the body surfaces called?
|
Epithelial tissue
|
|
How many layers does a simple epithelial tissue have
|
1
|
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How many layers does a stratified epithelial tissue have
|
2 or more
|
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What are the shapes of epithelial tissue
|
squamous, cuboidal, columnar
|
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Which tissue has a messy look and has cilia?
|
pseudostratified columnar
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Which tissue is a catch all group (everything thrown in)
|
connective tissue
|
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What are some functions of connective tissue
|
binding of organs, support, protect, transport.
|
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What is the most common tissue and widely varing in appearance?
|
connective tissue
|
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Which tissue contains fibers (proteins) and ground substance and dispersed cells
|
connective tissue
|
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What does connective tissue protect?
|
physical and immune
|
|
What does connective tissue transport
|
gases, nutrients, waste
|
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Which cells are found in connective tissue?
|
fibroblasts, macrophages, leukocytes (WBC) and adipocyte
|
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Which cells found in connective tissue produce fibers and ground substance?
|
fibroblasts
|
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Which cells found in connective tissue are a type of WBC that eats bacteria and infected cells
|
macrophages
|
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What type of cell found in the connective tissue patrols the tissue?
|
leukocytes (WBC)
|
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What type of cell found in the connective tissue stores triglycerides
|
adipocyte
|
|
What types of fibers are found in connective tissue
|
collagen and elastin
|
|
What is the most commmon protein in the body and is found in connective tissue?
|
collagen
|
|
Which fiber (protein) found in connective tissue doesn't stretch and is tough but flexible
|
collagen
|
|
Where do you find collagen?
|
skin, tendon
|
|
What fiber found in connective tissue is a protein that stretches and recoils back again
|
Elastin
|
|
What is the function of ground substances
|
fills spaces between cells and fibers.
|
|
What does ground substance protect against?
|
compression and other damage
|
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What are the types of fibrous connective tissue
|
Areolar, reticular, adipose, dense connective tissue, cartilage, bone, blood
|
|
Which type of fibrous connective tissue has random organization and lots of blood vessels
|
areolar
|
|
Which type of fibrous connective tissue has meshlike arrangement of fibers and is found in spleen, lymph nodes
|
reticular
|
|
what part of the cell produces ATP
|
mitochondria
|
|
What is the function of the centrioles
|
hep a cell produce cilia or flagella
|
|
What are cilia
|
hairlike extensions of a cells free surface
|
|
What is the function of cilia
|
move material across cell surface * helps with cell division
|
|
What is the tail like extension off the plasma membrane used for motility
|
flagellum
|
|
What are two examples of flagellum
|
sperm cell, bacteria
|
|
What are microvilli
|
small holes in the plasma membranes free surface
|
|
What are the three parts of centrioles
|
microvilli, flagellum, cilia
|
|
What is the function of microvilli
|
absorption and some sensory processes
|
|
What is plasma membrane transport
|
different ways things come in an dout of cell
|
|
Which form of transport happpens on its own and does not require ATP
|
passive mechanisms
|
|
What is simple diffusion
|
movement of molecules from areas of higher concentration to lower concentration
|
|
What is facilitated diffusion
|
movement of molecules from areas of higher concentration to lower concentration, protein channels help it happen
|
|
What is osmosis
|
movement of H2O from high water conce. to low H20 concent.
|
|
Which form of movement requires ATP
|
active transport
|
|
What form of transport is movement from lower concent. to higher concent and requires protein pump and ATP
|
active transport
|
|
Which type of fibrous tissue stores energy and provides a cushion
|
Adipose
|
|
What type of fibrous tissue has cells that fill w/trigylcerides?
|
Adipose
|
|
What are two types of dense connective tissue
|
Regular * Dense
|
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Which type of tissue contains little to no blood vessles
|
Cartilage
|
|
What are the three types of cartilage tissues
|
hyaline, elastic cartilgae and fibrocartilage
|
|
WHere is hyaline cartilage found?
|
tip of nose, larnyx and trachea
|
|
Where is elastic cartilage found
|
ear
|
|
Which tissue is highly excitable capable of carrying signal from cell to cell
|
nervous tissue
|
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What are the 3 types of muscle tissue
|
skeletal, cardiac, and smooth
|
|
Which type of muscle tissue is multi culcleated
|
skeletal
|
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What type of muscle tissue contains verticle structures called interraled disks
|
cardiac
|
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What type of muscle tissue is used in swallowing and fece excretion
|
smooth
|
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What are the three types of membranes
|
cutaneous, muscous and serous
|
|
what is the function of muscous membrane
|
lines passage ways connected to outside environment
|
|
What is the function of serous membranes
|
found in lining body cavities, abdominal pelvic area and outside of our organs
|
|
What is a membrane?
|
2 or 3 layers of tissue that work closely together
|
|
#1 barrier against getting sick?
|
skin
|
|
What are functions of the skin
|
protection, regulation, sensation and vit. D production
|
|
What does skin protect from?
|
physical, immunity and uv radiation
|
|
What does the skin regulate?
|
temp and H2O content of your body
|
|
What is the outermost layer of the skin which is made up of epithelial tissue?
|
epidermis
|
|
What are the 3 layers of the skin
|
epidermis, dermis and hypodermis
|
|
What are the 5 layers of epidermis?
|
stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosom, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum
|
|
What is the deepest layers of the skin?
|
stratum basale
|
|
What are the 3 different cells found in skin layer, stratum basale?
|
Keratinocyte, melanocytes, tactile cells
|
|
What cell of the stratum basale makes up most of the skin
|
keratinocytes
|
|
What cell of the the stratum basale contains protein keratin
|
keratinocyes
|
|
What cell in the stratum basale produces melanin and absorbs UV
|
Melanocytes
|
|
What cell in the stratum basale is involved with neurons to detect pressure
|
tactile cells
|
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What zone of the skin contains many layers of kertinocyes
|
Stratum spinosum
|
|
What zone of the skin contains dendritic cells and patrolling wbc
|
stratum spinosum
|
|
Which zone of the skin contains dead cells
|
stratum granulosum
|
|
In which zone do keratinocytes product lipids that prevent water from passing through
|
stratum granulosum
|
|
Which zone is found with thick skin
|
stratum lucidim
|
|
Which zone of the skin is made of dead keratinocyes (skin that comes off)
|
stratum corneum
|
|
Which layer of the skin contains connnective tissue, hair follicles, sweat glands, blood vessels and nuerons
|
dermis
|
|
What does the dermis contains?
|
connective tissue, hair follicles, sweat glands, blood vessles and neurons
|
|
Which layer of skin contains adipose tissue
|
hypodermis
|
|
What does adipose regulate in the hypodermic
|
temperature
|
|
Which layer of skin contains lots of blood vessels
|
hypodermis
|
|
Which layer of the skin is considered subcutaneous
|
hypodermis
|
|
What is the function of bone tissue
|
support, movement, blood cell reproduction, potection and storage of minerals
|
|
What are 4 types of bone
|
flat, short, long and irregular
|
|
charge outside the neuron reverses in polarity to become negative is called what
|
polarization
|
|
What happens when you wrap myelin around axon
|
helps move more quickly
|
|
What is the largest part of the brain?
|
cerebrum
|
|
Which part of the brain is convulated (lots of folds)
|
cerebrum
|
|
Why are there folds in the brains?
|
to make more surface area.
|
|
What are two parts of the cerebrum?
|
gyri and sulci
|
|
What is the outer layer of the cerebrum called?
|
cerebral cortx
|
|
What matter is the cerebral cortex made up of?
|
gray matter
|
|
What seperates the two hemispheres of the cerebrum
|
longitudal fissure
|
|
What is the link between the left and right side of the brain?
|
corpous collosum
|
|
What is the function of the frontal lobe?
|
foresight, planning, emotions, personality, memory, aggression
|
|
What is the function of the partietal lobe
|
primary reception area (all physical feelings take place)
|
|
What is the function of the occipital lobe?
|
primary vision area
|
|
What is the function of the temporal lobe?
|
auditory, hearing, smell, close to ears
|
|
What does the diencephalon consist of
|
thalamus and hypothalamus
|
|
Which part of the diencephalon directs incoming signals to the appropriate part of the brain?
|
thalamus
|
|
What part of the diencephalon maintains homeostasis
|
Hypothalamus
|
|
What part of the brain stem helps with visual tracking
|
mid brain
|
|
what part of the brain stem helps with auditory location
|
mid brain
|
|
What part of the brain is known as the pneumotaxic center
|
pons
|
|
What part of the brain helps regulate breathing rate with out us needing to do it
|
pons
|
|
What part ofthe brain controls bladder and facial expressions
|
pons
|
|
What is the function of the pons?
|
pneumotaxic cetner, bladder control, regulate breathing and facial expressions
|
|
What part of the brain helps pons control breathing and heart rate control
|
medulla oblongata
|
|
What does the medulla oblongata help control
|
the pons control breathing
|
|
Which part of the brain coordinates skeletal muscles like movement/dancing
|
cerebellum
|
|
What part of the brain is the first part to feel alcohol
|
cerebellum
|
|
What produces cerebrospinal fluid?
|
ependysmal cells
|
|
Where does the cerebrospinal fluid circulate around
|
CNS and through central nervous systems
|
|
What are 3 purposes of cerebrospinal fluid
|
buoyancy, protection, chemical stability
|
|
What is the function of blood
|
transportation, protection and regulation
|
|
What does blood transport
|
nutrients, waste, gases, hormones, heat
|
|
What does blood protect?
|
WBC formed in bone marrow, infection, small proteins producted by your body called antibody (infection)
|
|
What does blood regulate?
|
H2O and Ph
|
|
What 2 main categories are found in our blood
|
formed elements and plasma
|
|
What are the 3 formed elements
|
erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets
|
|
What are RBC called?
|
erythrocytes
|
|
What are WBC called
|
Luekocytes
|
|
What are thrombocytes called
|
platelets
|
|
What is plasma made up of?
|
H20, nutrients, waste, gases, hormones, antibodies, electrolytes (ions)
|
|
Where are coronary vessels located in regards to the heart?
|
on the anterior surface of the heart
|
|
What is the function of coronary vessels?
|
bring oxygenated, nutrient rich blood to the heart tissue
|
|
What causes myocardial infarction?
|
blocked coronary arteries lead to insuffient oxygen being delivered to myocardium.
|
|
How do we control pumping of the heart?
|
There are nerves and speciliazed muscle cells within parts of the heart wall. Help initiate contractions and relaxations of the heart cells
|
|
Sinoatrial (SA) node located where?
|
upper right corner of the right atrium
|
|
Which structure of the conduction system is called the pacemaker
|
SA node
|
|
Which structure of the conduction system sends signals through both atria that cuases them to contract?
|
SA node
|
|
What part of the brain tells the brain what pace to set for heart beats?
|
medulla oblongata
|
|
Atrioventricular (AV) node is located where?
|
lower left corner of the right atrium
|
|
Which AV nodes responds to signals from the SA node
|
AV node
|
|
Which conduction node sends electrical signals down the atrioventicular bundle to the interventicular septum
|
AV node
|
|
What is the nerve from the AV node tot he top of the interventicular septum?
|
AV bundle
|
|
Which part of the conduction system splits to form bundle branches?
|
AV bundle
|
|
What are the nerves that travel down the septum to the apex of the heart, where they turn and branch as they travel back up
|
bundle branches
|
|
once bundles branches turn the corner they become??
|
purkinje fibers
|
|
What are purkinje fibers?
|
numerous small nerves that travel from apex of the heart up through walls
|
|
How is atrial contraction measures on the EKG?
|
P waves
|
|
What is the AV node signal that cuases venticular contraction measured on an EKG?
|
QRS complex
|
|
How is the ventricular relaxation measured on an EKG?
|
T Wave
|
|
Which node is responsible for the P wave on an EKG?
|
SA node
|
|
What is tachycardia
|
heart rate above 100 bpm
|
|
What is bradycardia
|
heart rate below 60 bpm
|
|
What part of the brain helps the SA node to fire at only 60-80bpm
|
medulla oblongata and vagus nerve
|
|
What is the stroke volume of the heart
|
amount of blood pumped out by the ventricles during one heartbeat
|
|
What is the cardiac output of the heart
|
the amount of blood pumped out by the ventricles during one minute
|
|
What is the function of the respiratory system
|
collect O2 from the air and deliver it to the RBC. Also remove CO2 from blood
|
|
What are openings into the nasal cavity called?
|
nares
|
|
Which part of the respiratory sytem contains guard hairs to trap large particles
|
nares
|
|
Which part of the resp. system have musous membranes that help trap partricles and humidify the air
|
nasal cavity
|
|
where does air spin making it warmer?
|
nasal cavity
|
|
What are the three areas of the pharynx?
|
nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
|
|
What is the upper part of the pharynx called?
|
nasopharnyx
|
|
What is the middle part of the pharynx called?
|
Oropharynx
|
|
What is the lower part of the pharynx called?
|
laryngopharynx
|
|
What is the flap of cartilage that gets pressed down when you swallow to prevent choking?
|
epiglottis
|
|
What is the opening to the larynx called?
|
glottis
|
|
Which part of the resp. system contains vestibular folds and vocal cords
|
larynx
|
|
What closes when you swallow to prevent choking?
|
vestibular folds
|
|
What muscles vibrate in moving air to produce sound
|
vocal cords
|
|
what muscles lengthen and shorten in the resp. system
|
vocal cords
|
|
What is the bronchial tree of the respiratory system in order?
|
trachea, primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles, alveolar sacs, alveolus
|
|
That is the rigid tube that has C shaped rings of cartilage in the resp. system
|
trachea
|
|
what is the trachea lined with?
|
pseudostratified columnar epithelial tissue containing celia.
|
|
what helps keep the lower resp. tract clean
|
mucus and celia
|
|
What is the continuation of airway that lacks supportive cartilage
|
bronchioles
|
|
what are groups of airsacs that expand and fill with air when you breath in?
|
alveolar sacs
|
|
What are alveolus
|
individual air sacs and site of gas exchange
|
|
What cells are alveoulus made of?
|
simple cells?
|
|
how many alveolus per lung
|
1 million
|
|
What is movement of air called?
|
ventilation
|
|
what requires muscles to draw air in and force air out?
|
ventilation
|
|
What is boyles law of gases?
|
if the volume of a gas increases, the pressure of gas will decrease.
|
|
How do gases move?
|
from areas of higher pressure to lower pressure
|
|
How do we breathe?
|
we change the pressure inside and change pressure by changing space
|
|
What happens to the diaphram when it contracts?
|
it lowers
|
|
What happens to the space in the chest when the diaphram contracts?
|
it increases the space in the chest and lowers the pressure.
|
|
What balances the lower pressure of a diaphragm contracting?
|
air from outside of body moving in
|
|
What happens to diaphragm when it relaxes?
|
it rises
|
|
What happens to the space in the chest when the diaphragm relaxes
|
it decreases
|
|
What are the shape of alveolus cells?
|
squamous
|
|
What is the function of great alveolar cells?
|
repair damage and secrete surfactant
|
|
what is surfactant
|
mixture of phospholipids and proteins that coat alveoli
|
|
What is the function of surfactant?
|
lines the alveoli and prevents them from collapsing.
|
|
Which lung is larger?
|
the right
|
|
How many lobes does the right lung have
|
3
|
|
How many lobes does the left lung have
|
2
|
|
What is blood pressure
|
the amount of pressure exerted by the blood on the blood vessel wall
|
|
Where is blood pressured measured? (vein, artery, capillary??)
|
artery only
|
|
What is the systolic pressure?
|
max pressure felt in arteries
|
|
what causes systolic pressure?
|
heart ventricles are contracting
|
|
What causes diastoylic pressure?
|
when venticulars are relaxing.
|
|
What is diastoylic pressure
|
minimum pressure felt in arteries.
|
|
What are the 7 enzymes found in the digestive system?
|
salivary amylase, pepsinogen, pancreatic amylase, pancreatic lipase, trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase
|
|
What is the function of the digestive system
|
ingest food, move it, digestion, absorbtion, remove waste and undigested material
|
|
What is the function of the mouth?
|
mechanical digestion
|
|
What is the function of the tongue and cheek muscles?
|
guide the food to the teeth and organize
|
|
What do salivary glands contain?
|
saliva
|
|
What is saliva made up of?
|
H20 (mucus)
|
|
What is the purpose of mucus?
|
softens food and binds it for swallowing
|
|
what is bolus?
|
food and saliva
|
|
Which gland contains enzymes called salvilary Amylase?
|
salivary glands
|
|
What enzyme begins carbs digestion in the mouth)
|
salvilary amylase
|
|
What two things do salivary glands contain?
|
saliva and lysozyme
|
|
what is the function of lysozume?
|
kills bacteria
|
|
What is the tube that connects the pharynx and stomach
|
esophagus
|
|
what are the 4 layers to the walls of digestive organs from out to in?
|
serosa, muscularis externa, submucosa, muscosa
|
|
Which layer of the esophogus helps move food?
|
muscularis externa
|
|
Which layer of the esophogus has a lot of connective tissue?
|
submucosa
|
|
What is peristalsis?
|
synchronized contractions and relaxations that move the bolus onward.
|
|
What is the bottom of the esophogus called?
|
lower esophageal sphincter
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What is the sphincter?
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ring of smooth muscle that controls food movement between esophagus and stomach
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How long does it take the stomach to empty after eating?
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2-6 hours
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What is the J shaped pourch in the upper L quadrant?
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stomach
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What is the part of stomach that is superior to the esop. attachment?
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fundus
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What part of stomach is immediately inside cardiac orfice?
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cardia
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What is the greatest part of the stomach?
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body
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What is the inferior end of the stomach?
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pyloris
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What are the 3 cells in the stomach?
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mucous cells, parietal cells, chief cells
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which cells in the stomach produce a large amount of mucous?
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mucous cells
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what is the function of muscous cells?
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add to the bolus and liquify (Chyme), create thick protective layer of mucuous on the stomach lining.
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What cell of the stomach secretes hydrochloric acid ?
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parietal cells
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What two reasons do we have HCL in the stomach?
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kills most bacteria and activates the stomach enzymes
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What stomach cell secretes intrinsic factor?
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parietal cells
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what chemical is necessary for absorbing Vit B12 in the intestines?
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intrinsic factor
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where does Vit B12 come from?
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animals
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What vitamin is used to make RBC
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Vit. B12
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which stomach cell secretes pepsogin?
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chief cells
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What happens to pepsogin in the presense of HCl?
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it becomes activated and called pepsin
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What controls chyme exiting the stomach?
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pyloric sphincter
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what is the name of the dead end pouch that hangs down from the ileocecal junction in the large intestine?
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cecum
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Where is the appendix located?
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in the cecum
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Name the parts of the large intestine?
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cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anus
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What is the function of the large intestine?
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holding area for undifested and waste material, reabsorbs last 10% of H20
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What is the place of bacteria in the digestive system?
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large intestine
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What is the function of bacteria in the large intestine?
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out compete more harmful bacteria and protect it, produce vit K,
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what is a risk of having bacteria in the large intestine?
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it can cause disease
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What is the function of the urinary system?
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filter the blood and eliminate waste
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Name the structures of the urinary system in order
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kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
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What is the location for filtration and urine production?
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kidneys
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what are the tubes that carry urine from kidneys to bladder?
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ureters
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which system stores urine?
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urinary bladder
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what tube carries urine out of the body?
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urethra
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What are filtering parts of kidneys called?
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nephrons
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What part of the nephron brings unfiltered blood toward the nephron
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afferent arterole
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what is the collection of capillaries called in the nephron
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glomerulars
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what happens to blood as it flows through the capillaries of the glomerulars
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some of it leaks out
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What materials can get filtered out of the capillaries of the glomerulars?
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H20, glucose, waste made of nitrogens (nitrogenous), electrolytes
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What is a type of nitrogenous waste?
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urea
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What materials should not be filtered out of the glomerulars?
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RBC, WBC, platelets, all formed elements, proteins
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