Final

Front 1

The "receiving end" of a neuron is called

Back 1

dendrite

Front 2

Which cell produces CSF (cerobrospinal fluid)

Back 2

ependymal cell

Front 3

Which cell phagocytizes debris and foreign matter?

Back 3

microglia

Front 4

What cell in the PNS serves the same function as an oligodendrocyte in the CNS?

Back 4

Schwann cell

Front 5

An action potential begins with

Back 5

Flow of Na into the cell

Front 6

Myelinated fibers produce action potentials only at their

Back 6

Nodes of Ranvier

Front 7

A synaptic vesicle is a storage site for

Back 7

acetylcholine

Front 8

The appearance of "jumping from node to node" is called

Back 8

saltatory conduction

Front 9

Sensory neurons carry signals to the spinal cord. They are also called

Back 9

Afferent fibers

Front 10

The spinal cord is divided into all of the following regions with the exception of

Back 10

Coccygeal

Front 11

The spinal cord ends at what level?

Back 11

L2

Front 12

The cord tapers to what is called the

Back 12

medullary cone

Front 13

Each spinal nerve divides into an anterior and a posterior rood. Which is considered motor?

Back 13

Anterior root

Front 14

In cross section, the spinal cord has white and gray matter. What makes up the "tracts" that sends information up/down the cord?

Back 14

White matter

Front 15

CSF flows under what meningeal layer?

Back 15

arachnoid

Front 16

Nerve cells of the CNS undergo mitosis.

Back 16

False

Front 17

The synaptic knob is located on the

Back 17

axon

Front 18

What supporting nerve cell helps to create the blood brain barrier?

Back 18

astrocyte

Front 19

What makes nerve conduction so fast?

Back 19

neurilemma

Front 20

The myelin sheathe of the brain and the spinal cord is produced by schwann cells.

Back 20

False

Front 21

A neuron can have many dendrites but never more than one axon.

Back 21

True

Front 22

Integrative centers for a mono-synaptic reflex arc are located in the

Back 22

gray matter

Front 23

In a flexor withdrawal reflex, afferent signals enter the cord where?

Back 23

Posterior horn

Front 24

Contralateral efferent fibers are utilized in which reflex arc?

Back 24

Reciprocal inhibition reflex

Front 25

Why can a nerve signal only run in one direction?

Back 25

refractory period

Front 26

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there in the human body?

Back 26

31

Front 27

The 2 hemispheres of the cerebellum are separated by the longitudinal fissure.

Back 27

false

Front 28

The right and left cerebral hemispheres are connected to each other by a thick C-shaped tract of fibers called the.

Back 28

longitudinal fissure

Front 29

What structure of the brainstem is caudal to the pons?

Back 29

medulla oblongata

Front 30

Directly under what meningeal layer does the CSF flow?

Back 30

archnoid mater

Front 31

The choroid plexus produces some of the CSF. What other structure contributes to its production?

Back 31

ependymal cells

Front 32

In the flow of CSF, CSF bathes the brain by exiting through apertures located where?

Back 32

4th ventricle

Front 33

There is only one area in the blood brain barrier that is directly open to monitor the blood, HIV can enter here.

Back 33

circumventricular organs (CVO)

Front 34

The left cerebral cortex controls motor function on the right side of the body because motor fibers decussate where?

Back 34

Pyramids of the medulla

Front 35

Of the 3 sets of cerebellar peduncles in the pons, which are outgoing efferent fibers?

Back 35

superior

Front 36

If you were to turn your head in response to a sound, what colliculi are responsible?

Back 36

inferior

Front 37

Nearly all sensory signals pass through the "gateway to the cerebral cortex". the gateway is located where?

Back 37

thalamus

Front 38

In the forebrain, there is a major center for the endocrine system. this is called the.

Back 38

hypothalamus

Front 39

What portion of the brain is considered the "athletes portion" of the brain?

Back 39

cerebellum

Front 40

On a sagittal plane, the cerebellar white matter exhibits a branching pattern called

Back 40

arbor vitae

Front 41

Which lobe of the cerebrum is responsible for social judgement and aggression?

Back 41

frontal

Front 42

The limbic system surrounds the corpus callosum and what additional structure?

Back 42

Thalamus

Front 43

What lobe of the cerebrum is responsible for hearing?

Back 43

temporal

Front 44

The limbic system contains a center that is mainly aversion dominant, called the.

Back 44

amygdala

Front 45

Of the 12 pairs of cranial nerves, 2 are pure sensory. Cranial nerve 1, Olfactory and

Back 45

optic

Front 46

In the parasympathetic nervous system, the preganglionic fibers are long and the postganglionic fibers are short

Back 46

true

Front 47

In the sympathetic nervous system, splanchnic nerves are considered preganglionic

Back 47

true

Front 48

90% of parasympathetic fibers run on which cranial nerve?

Back 48

vagus

Front 49

Which division of the ANS is generally excitatory in nature?

Back 49

Sympathetic

Front 50

Adrenergic receptors are stimulated by what neurotransmitter?

Back 50

epinephrine & norepinephrine

Front 51

All pre-ganglionic fibers of the ANS are cholinergic

Back 51

True

Front 52

What was the name of the poor man who had a spike driven into his frontal lobe, causing a complete change in his personality?

Back 52

Phineas Gage

Front 53

A nonciceptor is a nerve ending responsible for the sense of

Back 53

pain

Front 54

the occipital love is concerned mainly with the sense of

Back 54

vision

Front 55

Which of the following is not one of the primary taste sensations detected by the taste buds?

Back 55

spicy

Front 56

The maleus, incus and stapes are components of the

Back 56

middle ear

Front 57

The right occipital lobe receives visual input from both the right and the left eyes.

Back 57

true

Front 58

A person will have color blindness if he/she has a defective gene for one of three types of what cell?

Back 58

cones

Front 59

All of the following are classified as special senses except

Back 59

touch

Front 60

Sensory neurons detect stimuli within a certain area called its

Back 60

receptive field

Front 61

There is a convergence of neural pathways in the CNS and the brain cannot distinguish from which source the signals are actually coming from. This phenomenon is called

Back 61

referred pain

Front 62

There are 4 rows of hair cells. Which hair cells supply 90% of the sensory fibers for the cochlear nerve?

Back 62

Inner hair cells

Front 63

The optic disc contains no receptor cells thus producing a blind spot. The brain uses surrounding images to fill in this spot. This is called

Back 63

visual filling

Front 64

The longer sensory stimulus is prolonged, our awareness of this stimulus decreases. This is called

Back 64

sensory adaption

Front 65

Converting one form of energy into another is called? Ex: Sound waves into electrical impulses.

Back 65

transduction

Front 66

Once the cortex becomes aware of a pain signal, it can send analgesic fibers down to halt the pain signal both pre-synaptically or post-synaptically

Back 66

true

Front 67

The most potent pain stimulus known to man, released by injured tissue called

Back 67

bradykinin

Front 68

Taste cells, which lie inside the taste bud are called

Back 68

gustatory cells

Front 69

What cell type has axons which combine to form cranial nerve 1?

Back 69

ganglionic

Front 70

The Eustacian tube

Back 70

Equalizes pressure in the middle ear, opens into the pharynx and is a route for viral invasion

Front 71

Which structure is considered the "organ of hearing"?

Back 71

cochlea

Front 72

What structure is responsible for detecting rotational movements in the ear?

Back 72

Semi-circular ducts

Front 73

The inner ear hair cells have pressure gates on their tips for what ion?

Back 73

potassium

Front 74

What structure in the eye has an adjustable diaphragm for light admission?

Back 74

Retina

Front 75

The vitreous body is responsible for keeping the retina pressed up against the choroid of the eye.

Back 75

true

Front 76

Finely detailed images are produced in the eye at what point?

Back 76

Fovea centralis

Front 77

Cones function best only in dim light

Back 77

false

Front 78

Which lobe of the cerebrum is concerned with receiving and interpreting visual input?

Back 78

occipital

Front 79

All hormones are composed of either cholesterol or amino acids

Back 79

true

Front 80

What type of hormone works by passing into the nucleus of the cell?

Back 80

steroids

Front 81

Estrogen enters the cell to begin the production of receptor cells for what hormone

Back 81

progesterone

Front 82

What type of hormone works via a secondary messenger system?

Back 82

peptides

Front 83

What organ is the major control center for the endocrine system?

Back 83

hypothalamus

Front 84

The endocrine system requires ducts to transport hormones

Back 84

false

Front 85

The posterior pituitary produces 2 hormones, oxytocin and ADH

Back 85

False

Front 86

What portion of the pituitary gland is actually derived from neural tissue?

Back 86

Posterior pituitary

Front 87

Once LH stimulates the follicle to release an egg, it becomes the corpus luteum which secretes what hormone?

Back 87

Progesterone

Front 88

The anterior pituitary produces over 100x more of this hormone than any other?

Back 88

growth hormone

Front 89

The thymus and the pineal gland both shrink as we age. This process is called

Back 89

involution

Front 90

What is the largest endocrine gland in adults?

Back 90

thyroid

Front 91

The human thyroid gland secretes 2 types of thyroid hormone. Which form is utilized by the tissues?

Back 91

T3

Front 92

What gland produces a hormone that is considered to be the primary calcium regulating hormone in the body? Without this hormone we would die.

Back 92

parathyroid

Front 93

What gland is extremely important in assisting the body's immune system?

Back 93

thymus

Front 94

What gland is considered to be both an exocrine and an endocrine gland?

Back 94

Pancreas

Front 95

What hormone is considered to be the hormone of "nutrient abundance"?

Back 95

somatostatin

Front 96

The adrenals produce over 25 different hormones known as corticosteroids. What zone is responsible for secreting mineralcorticoids?

Back 96

Glomerulosa

Front 97

The adrenal medulla has a dual nature, acting as both a modified ganglion and as an exocrine gland. These cells are called

Back 97

Neuro-endocrine cells & chromafin cellls

Front 98

Following menopause, which endocrine gland becomes the primary source of estrogen for the female?

Back 98

adrenal

Front 99

Inhibin is a hormone secreted by both the ovaries and the testes. What hormone is it acting upon?

Back 99

FSH

Front 100

"GAS". The stage of resistance is dominated by what hormone?

Back 100

cortisol

Front 101

In the alarm reaction, what hormone dominates?

Back 101

epinephrine

Front 102

The hypophyseal portal system is a means for the brain to communicate with the pituitary gland

Back 102

true

Front 103

Which hormone would be released if a person was dehydrated?

Back 103

ADH

Front 104

What gland secretes melatonin?

Back 104

pineal

Front 105

Oxytocin and ADH are secreted through a duct leading to the posterior pituitary.

Back 105

False

Front 106

The structures responsible for warming and humidifying air as it travels through the nasal cavity are

Back 106

Conchae

Front 107

The eustacian tube from the middle ear opens into the

Back 107

nasopharynx

Front 108

What portion of the pharynx serves as a passageway for both food and air?

Back 108

Oropharynx

Front 109

The main function of the larynx is to prevent food and drink from entering the trachea.

Back 109

True

Front 110

The largest cartilage of the larynx is

Back 110

thyroid

Front 111

The vocal cords and the opening between them is called the

Back 111

glottis

Front 112

In speech, crude sounds are converted to recognizable words primarily by

Back 112

lips & tongue

Front 113

The tracheal cartilage is C-shaped why?

Back 113

Allows for esophagus expansion

Front 114

The mechanism that moves debris-laden mucous up the bronchi to the pharynx is called the

Back 114

mucociliary escalator

Front 115

Each lung receives a main bronchus, blood vessels and nerves through a slit called the

Back 115

hilum & respiratory aperture

Front 116

Which lung has 3 lobes?

Back 116

Right

Front 117

What is considered the end of the conducting division?

Back 117

Terminal bronchiole

Front 118

The superior opening of the larynx is guarded by a tissue flap called the

Back 118

epiglottis

Front 119

Pulmonary surfactant is secreted by

Back 119

great alveolar cells

Front 120

The last line of defense against inhaled particles is phagocytic cells called

Back 120

alveolar macrophages

Front 121

The respiratory pacemaker is located in the

Back 121

medulla oblongata

Front 122

During inspiration, most of the airflow results from the contraction of the

Back 122

diaphragm

Front 123

A restrictive lung disorder is most likely a result of

Back 123

buildup of scar tissue

Front 124

The air that we breathe consists mainly of

Back 124

Nitrogen

Front 125

Which of the following are fewest in number but largest in diameter?

Back 125

bronchi

Front 126

The transfer of gases, alveolar gas exchange, is facilitated by

Back 126

diffusion

Front 127

One hemoglobin molecule can carry a maximum of how many O2 molecules?

Back 127

four

Front 128

Carbon monoxide can cause suffocation why?

Back 128

Competes for O2 binding sites

Front 129

Carbon dioxide binds to the globin portion of the hemoglobin

Back 129

true

Front 130

Black lung is what type of disorder?

Back 130

restrictive

Front 131

Forced exhalation requires the use of the rectus abdominus muscle.

Back 131

true

Front 132

The gastrointestinal tract includes all of the following except.

Back 132

esophagus

Front 133

The tongue assists in the prevention of food traveling down the trachea

Back 133

true

Front 134

What part of the tooth cannot repair itself but must be artificially repaired?

Back 134

enamel

Front 135

Which salivary glands, when infected cause "the mumps"?

Back 135

parotid

Front 136

The esophagus meets the stomach at the

Back 136

cardiac orfice

Front 137

Heartburn is caused by a regurgitation of the stomach contents through the

Back 137

lower esophageal sphincter

Front 138

Swallowing involves over 22 muscles and is coordinated by the swallowing center located in the

Back 138

medulla oblongata

Front 139

Which of the following is the voluntary phase of swallowing?

Back 139

Oral

Front 140

During what phase of deglutittion is breathing automatically suspended for a moment?

Back 140

pharyngeal

Front 141

Peristaltic waves of the esophagus during what phase of deglutition?

Back 141

esophageal

Front 142

When standing, gravity works faster than peristaltic waves.

Back 142

true

Front 143

What structure controls the passage of chime into the small intestine?

Back 143

pyloric sphincter

Front 144

What is the only indispensable function of the stomach?

Back 144

production of intrinsic factor

Front 145

HCL is produced by what cell type?

Back 145

Parietal

Front 146

What converts pepsinogen to pepsin?

Back 146

HCL

Front 147

Vomiting is controlled by the emetic center located in the

Back 147

medulla oblongata

Front 148

Why doesn't the stomach digest itself?

Back 148

Thick mucosa, Tight epithelial junctions, and rapid cell replacement

Front 149

the gallbladder

Back 149

stores and concentrates bile

Front 150

Billirubin is derived from the breakdown of

Back 150

hemoglobin

Front 151

What gland produces the digestive juices responsible for most digestion in the small intestine?

Back 151

pancreas

Front 152

The pylori region is part of what structure?

Back 152

stomach

Front 153

Most digestion and nutrient absorption occurs in the

Back 153

jejunum

Front 154

The ileocecal valve regulates the passage of chime between the stomach and the duodenum

Back 154

False

Front 155

The kneading and churning of intestinal contents is called

Back 155

segmentation

Front 156

Most of the water in the digestive tract is reabsorbed in the large intestine

Back 156

true

Front 157

The appendix is highly populated with what cell type?

Back 157

lymphocytes

Front 158

Micturation occurs when the __________ contracts.

Back 158

detrusor

Front 159

The compact ball of capillaries in a nephron is called.

Back 159

the glomerulus

Front 160

Which of these is the most abundant nitrogenous waste in the blood?

Back 160

urea

Front 161

Which of these is not a part of the nephron?

a. proximal convoluted tubule

b. collecting duct

c.distal convoluted tubule

d. nephron loop

e. glomerulus

Back 161

b. collecting duct

Front 162

What percentage of glomerular filtrate is reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule?

Back 162

65%

Front 163

A glomerulus and glomerular capsule make up one

Back 163

renal corpuscle

Front 164

Each nephron receives its blood supply directly from

Back 164

an afferent arteriole

Front 165

Determine the correct order of flow through the renal tubule, if we let

I=collecting duct

II=distal convoluted tubule

III=glomerular capsule

IV=proximal convoluted tubule

V=nephron loop

Back 165

III=glomerular capsule

IV=proximal convoluted tubule

V=nephron loop

II=distal convoluted tubule

I=collecting duct

Front 166

Which of the following is/are secreted into the renal tubule?

a. urea

b. glucose

c. bicarbonate ions

d. sodium chloride

e. albumin

Back 166

c. bicarbonate ions

Front 167

Increased ADH secretion should change the urine in what way?

Back 167

reduced volume

Front 168

The________ reflex is an autonomic reflex activated by pressure in the urinary bladder.

Back 168

micturation

Front 169

_________is the amount of filtration formed per minute by the two kidneys combined.

Back 169

glomerular filtration rate (gfr)

Front 170

The two_________carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.

Back 170

ureters

Front 171

The_________is a group of epithelial cells of the nephron loop that monitors the flow or composition of the tubular fluid.

Back 171

mecula densa

Front 172

To enter the capsular space, filtrate must pass between foot processes of the____________, cells that form part of the filtration membrane in the glomerular capsule.

Back 172

podocytes

Front 173

The___________is the functional unit of the kidney where urine is produced.

Back 173

nephron

Front 174

__________hormone regulates the amount of water reabsorbed by the collecting duct.

Back 174

antidiuretic

Front 175

The________sphincter is under involuntary control and relaxes during the micturation reflex.

Back 175

internal urethral

Front 176

Aldosterone stimulates the ascending limb of the nephron loop, the DCT, and the collecting duct to reabsorb more_____________and secrete more_______.

Back 176

sodium, potassium

Front 177

The__________tightly wraps the kidney and protects it from trauma and infection.

Back 177

fibrous capsule

Front 178

Aldosterone has no effect on the proximal convoluted tubule.

Back 178

true

Front 179

Sodium is the most abundant solute in the urine

Back 179

false

Front 180

The kidney has more distal convoluted tubules than collecting ducts.

Back 180

true

Front 181

Sodium is reabsorbed only in the proximal convoluted tubule.

Back 181

false

Front 182

Natriuretic peptides increase blood volume by promoting sodium reabsorption in the kidney.

Back 182

false

Front 183

If all other conditions remain the same, constriction of the afferent arteriole reduces the glomerular filtration rate.

Back 183

true

Front 184

Angiotensin II raises blood pressure

Back 184

true

Front 185

The minimum osmolarity of urine is 300 mOsm/L, equal to the osmolarity of the blood

Back 185

false

Front 186

The parasympathetic nervous system sends signals that relax the detrusor and stimulate constriction of the internal urethral sphincter.

Back 186

false

Front 187

Micturation depends on contraction of the detrusor.

Back 187

true

Front 188

Liver converts ammonia to urea (less toxic) and this is carried in blood plasma to the ________where it is filtered & excreted.

Back 188

kidneys

Front 189

Concave side of kidney faces inward and an opening called the_________where renal blood vessels, nerves & lymphatics enter the kidney.

Back 189

hilum

Front 190

The glandular, urine-forming tissue of the kidney is called the

Back 190

parenchyma

Front 191

Outer portion of the kidney

Back 191

cortex

Front 192

Inner portion of the kidney

Back 192

medulla

Front 193

Medulla is divided into 6-10 cone shapes called

Back 193

renal pyramids

Front 194

The pyramids are separated by extensors of the cortex called

Back 194

columns

Front 195

The pyramids tip is called

Back 195

renal papilla

Front 196

The renal papilla is nestled in a collecting cup called a

Back 196

minor calyx

Front 197

2-3 minor calyxes combine to form a

Back 197

major calyx

Front 198

2-3 major calyxes combine to form the

Back 198

renal pelvis

Front 199

Runs in a column

Back 199

Inter lobar

Front 200

makes an "arch" between cortex & medulla at top of pyramid

Back 200

Arcuate Artery

Front 201

"radiates" up into the cortex at a right angle.

Back 201

Cortical Radiate Artery

Front 202

Runs into the nephron "glomerulus"

Back 202

Afferent arteriole

Front 203

Bundle of capillaries

nephron=one functional unit of a kidney

filtration begins here.

Back 203

glomerulus

Front 204

Filtration of blood

Back 204

Renal corpuscle

Front 205

Converts filtrate to urine

Back 205

Renal Tubule

Front 206

The Renal corpuscle consists of an afferent arteriole, a glomerulus or bundle of capillaries, and efferent arteriole and a capsule which encases the glomerulus called

Back 206

bowmans capsule

Front 207

The _______________________is much larger then the efferent, thus creating high blood pressure in the glomerulus which is crucial to effective filtration.

Back 207

Afferent arteriole

Front 208

Blood is filtered at the___________filtrate then enters bowmans capsule and travels to the renal tubular system.

Back 208

glomerulus

Front 209

The renal tubule ends at the tip of the renal pyramid at the papilla and empties into the

Back 209

minor calyx

Front 210

"Loop of Henle"

separated into a descending limb and

ascending limb

Found mostly in the medulla

Back 210

Nephron loop

Front 211

End of the nephron

Back 211

DCT-The Distal Convoluted Tubule

Front 212

Most coiled tubule

Back 212

PCT-Proximal Convoluted Tubule

Front 213

Receives fluid from multiple DCTs of several nephrons.

Back 213

Collecting Duct

Front 214

Fenestrated

RBC cannot get through

Back 214

Endothelium of capillary

Front 215

Glycoprotein mesh

Back 215

basement membrane

Front 216

podocytes of bowmans capsule

Back 216

filtration slits

Front 217

The amount of filtrate formed per minute by both kidneys combined

Back 217

Glomerular filtration rate

Front 218

The average adult reabsorbs_________of the filtrate.

Back 218

99%

Front 219

Potent vasoconstrictor

constricts efferent arteriole

Back 219

Angiotensin II

Front 220

Promotes Na retention and water

stimulates post pituitary to release

oxytocin and ADH stored here

Back 220

aldosterone

Front 221

promotes water retention

Back 221

ADH

Front 222

Because of this, urine output increases very little even under circumstances that substantially raise blood pressure

Back 222

Auto-regulation

Front 223

Smooth muscle has a tendency to contract when stretched

works on afferent arteriole.

Back 223

The myogencic mechanism

Front 224

Involves communication between the glomerulus and the tubule system

Back 224

Tubuloglomerular feedback

Front 225

The reclaiming of water via peritubular capillaries.

The removal & addition of chemicals.

both occur simultaneously

Back 225

Tubular Re-absorption & Secretion

Front 226

Reabsorbs 65% of the fluid

Back 226

PCT

Front 227

not as convoluted

Back 227

DCT

Front 228

Salt retaining hormone

Back 228

aldosterone

Front 229

secreted by heart in response to high blood pressure

Back 229

natruiratic peptides

Front 230

controls how hypotonic or hypertonic the urine becomes-how much sodium is in your system.

secreted dependant upon the bodys hydration

Back 230

ADH

Front 231

The urinary bladder consists of 3 layers of smooth muscle called

Back 231

detrusor muscle