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102 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the two main functions of the ovaries? |
- Oogenesis (production of gametes) - Production of steroid hormones (estrogen and progesterone) |
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What are the functions of estrogen? |
- Promotes growth/maturation of internal and external organs - Acts of mammary glands for breast development - Responsible for female sex characteristics |
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What are the two things progesterone promotes? |
- Changes in endometrium of uterus - Proliferation of lobules (prepares mammary gland for lactation) |
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What are the layers of the ovaries? |
- Tunica albigeuinea - Mesothelium (cuboidal/squamous) - Outer cortex - Inner medulla |
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What are the components of the outer cortex? |
- Ovarian follicles - Stroma: collagen fibers, fibroblast-like cells, ground substance, smooth muscle cells
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What are the different forms of ovarian follicles found in the outer cortex? |
Primordial follicles Primary follicles (unilaminar/multilaminar) Secondary follicles (antral) Mature follicles (Graffian) corpus luteum corpus albicans atretic follicles |
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What does the ovarian medulla consist of? |
- LCT - blood, lymphatic vessels - nerves
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T/F: There is a distinct boundary of elastic fibers between the cortex and medulla of the ovary |
False, no distinct boundary |
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T/F: Early primordial follicle growth is dependent on estrogen stimulation. |
False: independent of hormone stimulation |
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Define the primary oocyte |
Arrested in Meiosis I (diplotene stage of prophase I). Has not completed meiosis I |
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Describe the layers of the primary oocyte |
Inner most to outer: - Follicular cells (squamous cells) - Basal lamina - Connective tissue of ovarian cortex |
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How long can a primary oocyte remain arrested in meiosis I |
12-50 years |
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What defines definite granulosa cells? |
Squamous follicular cells become cuboidal in primary follicles |
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What defines a unilaminar or multilaminar primary follicle? |
Single or multiple layers of granulosa cells |
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What stage is the oocyte in within the primary follicle? |
Meiosis I |
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What is a distinctive layer that appears within the primary follicle? What is it produced by? |
Zona pellucida- between oocyte and granulosa cells PRoduced by oocyte |
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What is the zona pellucida composed of? |
ZP1, ZP2, ZP3, ZP4 = glycoproteins Eosinophilic staining |
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Why are cortical granules visible in the ooplasm of the oocyte of the primary follicle? |
Released as a method of blocking the fertilization of multiple sperm on a oocyte. |
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How are metabolites from the granulosa cells transferred to the oocyte? |
Processes from granulosa cells extend through ZP and contact microvilli on oocyte= gap junctions Also lots of GJ between granulosa cells |
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T/F: The development of the theca follliculi occurs in the secondary follicles |
False. Development begins in the primary follicle stage |
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What are the layers of the theca folliculi? |
Theca interna - endocrine functions Theca externa - blends with stroma of ovarian cortex |
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What factors are required for the continued growth of the secondary follicle? |
- FSH - Growth factors - Calcium |
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What is a distinguishing feature of the secondary follicle? |
Antrum Fluid filled space in the granulosa cells |
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What causes the oocyte to stop growth? |
Oocyte maturation inhibitor released by the granulosa cells into antral fluid |
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What forms the cumulus mass/cumulus oophorus? |
Mound of granulosa cells, causing oocyte to be located eccentrically |
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What is the corona radiata? |
Cells of cumulus oophorus that immediately surround oocyte Remain with it at ovulation |
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What is liquor folliculi composed of? Where would you find it? |
In the antrum hyaluronic acid, hormones, growth factors |
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Describe the functions of the theca interna in the secondary follicle. |
- Highly vascularized layer with steroid-secreting endocrine cell, has LH receptors - In response to LH, produces/secretes androgens and progesterone - Androgens travel through basal lamina to granulosa cells |
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Describe the function of the granulosa cells in the secondary follicle. |
Androgens (andriostenedione) received from theca interna are converted to estradiol (main form of estrogen) through influence of FSH. Stimulates growth of follicle through granulosa cell proliferation. Acquire LH receptors in addition to the FSH receptors |
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What are the major characteristics of the mature (Graafian follicle) |
- large antrum - zona pellucida - corona radiata/oocyte separated from cumulus mass - completion of Meiosis I by oocyte
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What causes Meiosis I to complete in the Graafian follicle? |
Surge of LH released from anterior pituitary |
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Describe the chromosomes in the secondary oocyte following Meiosis I. |
23 chromosomes, each with two chromatids |
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What stage of the oocyte arrested in prior to ovulation? |
Metaphase II of Meiosis II |
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What releases during ovulation? |
- Secondary oocyte - Granulosa cells of corona radiata - Granulosa cells of cumulus mass from ovary
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When does the oocyte complete meiosis II ? |
When the membranes of the secondary oocyte and sperm fuse. - Produces ovum and second polar body |
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What is the corpus luteum? |
Theca and granulosa cells left in the follicle |
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What happens to the antrum of the follicle in the corpus luteum? |
Replaced by blood clot and then connective tissue |
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What happens to the cells in the corpus luteum after ovulation? |
- Become luteinized (lipid filled) - Granulosa lutein cells and theca lutein cells - Produce progesterone and estrogen to prepare for implantation |
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What do the granulosa and theca lutein cells look like? |
Granulosa= large and eosinophilic Theca= smaller, less cytoplasm, more basophilic |
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If fertilization occurs what allows corpus luteum to continue hormone production? |
human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) |
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What happens to the corpus luteum if fertilization doesn't occur? |
- Becomes corpus albicans - CT replaces degenerating luteal cells = irregular, glassy eosinophilic form - Cells left over mostly macrophages |
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What is atresia? |
Process by which follicles degenerate, called atretic follicles |
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What changes occur to the atretic follicles? |
- Granulosa cell apoptosis - Invasion of granulosa cell layer by macrophages/neutrophils - Granulosa cells slough into antrum - Theca interna cells hypertrophy - Follicle degeneration - CT invades into follicle cavity |
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What happens to the basal lamina when larger follicles degenerate? |
It thickens, becomes eosinophilic and is called "glassy membrane" Zona pellucida may be recognizable |
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Compare atretic follicles to corpus albicans. |
Corpus albicans are much larger and thicker ZP is only visible in atretic follicle |
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Describe the main segments of the uterine tube. |
- Infundibulum - Ampulla (where fertilization occurs) - Isthmus - Inramural segment (uterine part) = opens into uterine cavity |
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What are the layers of the uterine wall? |
Mucosa Muscularis Serosa
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What is the epithelium of the uterine tube? |
Simple columnar epithelium CIliated columnar cells and nonciliated secretory cells (peg cells) |
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What is the difference of the mucosa of the ampulla compared to the isthmus/intramural segment? |
More mucosal folds |
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What are the changes that occur in the epithelium of the oviduct. |
Follicular phase = hypertrophy Luteal phase = atrophy
In response to estrogen |
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What changes in epithelium occur due to estrogen and progesterone |
Estrogen= stimulate ciliogenesis Progesterone= increase number of secretory (peg) cells |
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When is the epithelium of the uterine tube the tallest? |
Ovulation Reduced to 1/2 before menstruation |
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What is the secretory product of peg cells? |
Fluid with nutrients for ova and spermatozoa |
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Classify the muscularis layer of the uterine tube. what is it's function? |
- Inner circular, outer longitudinal layer - Move ovum toward uterus (with help of cilia) |
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T/F: Mucosal glands are found in the oviduct |
false. No glands |
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What are the 3 main regions of the uterus? |
Fundus Body Cervix |
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What are the layers of the body and fundus of the uterus? |
- Endometrium (mucosa) - Myometrium (three layers of SM) - Perimetrium (outer layer) |
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Where are the larger blood vessels of the uterus found? |
Middle layer of smooth muscle (muscularis) = stratum vasculare |
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How does the myometrium change during pregnancy? |
- Hypertrophy (increase in cell size) - Hyperplasia (increase in cell number)
Atrophies = absence of estrogen (menopause) |
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Describe the epithelium and glands of the endometrium. |
Simple columnar with ciliated and secretory cells Glands are lined with these cells and classified as simple tubular or simple branched tubular. |
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What is the cellular collagenous CT surrounding glands in the endometrium called? |
Stroma |
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What are the two layers of the endometrium? |
Functional Layer Basal Layer (closest to myometrium) |
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What are the changes that occur in the functional layer during uterine cycle? |
Uterine glands Endometrial stroma Blood vessels |
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T/F: The basal layer is lost during menstruation |
False= functional layer is lost |
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What causes the regeneration of the functional layer of the endometrium? |
Basal layer |
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Describe the changes that occur in the blood vessels of the endometrium during the uterine cycle. |
Uterine artery branches into arcuate arteries supplying endometrium Arcuate travel into myometrium and produce: Straight arteries = endometrium Spiral (helical) arteries = functional layer
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Compare the changes that occur to the straight and spiral arteries during the uterine cycle. |
Straight arteries do not change Spiral arteries degenerate and regenerate with uterine cycle |
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What main features change during the uterine cycle? |
Structure and secretory activity of - uterine epithelium - glands - stroma - blood vessels |
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What are the three phases of the uterine cycle? |
- Proliferative (Follicular) Phase - Secretory (Luteal) Phase - Menstrual (Ischemic) Phase |
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What is the main event occuring in the follicular phase regarding ovarian follicles? |
Growth and maturation of ovarian follicles and their secretion of estrogen |
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What main changes in the endometrium are occuring? |
- Epithelial cells of basal layer undergo mitosis to reconstitute uterine glands and resurface endometrium - Uterine glands are straight and narrow lumen - Number of endometrial stromal cells increase by mitosis and amount of ground substance increases - Spiral segments of arcuate arteries extend through upper 2/3 of endometrium |
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What is the main secretion in the secretory (luteal) phase? Where is it coming from? |
Progesterone From corpus luteum |
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What are the changes occuring in the secretory (luteal) phase in the endometrium? |
- Uterine glands take a more corkscrew shape due to glycogen and glycoproteins - The cells in the endometrial stroma become edamatous due to accumulation of glycogen. - Estrogen/progesterone allows cells to differentiate into decidual cells = decidua basalis if implantation occurs - Spiral arteries become more coiled and extend nearer to uterine surface |
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What is occuring in the ovary during the menstrual phase? |
- Degeneration of corpus luteum = decrease in estrogen/progesterone levels |
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What changes occur in the endometrium during the menstrual (ischemic) phase? |
- epithelial cells in uterine glands stop secreting glycogen - Loss of fluid in stromal cells (more dense) - Spiral artery contractions= functional layer become ischemic, basal still supplied - Leads to sloughing of stromal and epithelial cells |
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What characterizes endometriosis? |
Presence of endometrial tissue in pelvis/peritoneal cavity Undergo cyclic changes Hemorrhaging may cause adhesions and pain |
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Describe the epithelium of the endocervix |
Simple columnar Mainly mucus-secreting cells with some ciliated cells |
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Classify cervical glands. |
Deep branched invaginations of surface epithelium = surface area for secretion |
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T/F: Endocervix glands do not undergo histological changes during uterine cycle |
True |
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What changes occur in the endocervix before and after ovulation? |
Before- Mucus is less viscous (thinner) and alkaline pH After- Mucus is more viscous (thicker) and acidic pH (harmful to sperm) |
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What are Nabothian cysts? |
Ducts of cervical glands becoming occluded with secretions. |
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Describe the locations of the endo & exocervix. |
Endocervix= endocervical canal between uterine and vaginal cavities Exocervix= external surface of the part of the cervix that protrudes into vagina |
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What changes in epithelium occur form the endocervix to exocervix? |
Simple columnar epithelium to stratified squamous epithelium (non-keratinized, continuous with epithelium of vagina) |
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Where does cervical carcinoma develop from? |
Stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium of the cervix (carcinoma in situ) = can be treated with surgery because early |
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Describe the mucosa of the vagina. |
- Stratified squamous nonkeratinized with lamina propria - Superficial cells may store glycogen (greatest accumulation occur during time of ovulation = appear large and clear) - No glands or muscularis mucosae |
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Define the muscularis layer of the vagina. |
- Circularly arranged smooth muscle - Prominent outer layer of longitudinally arranged smooth muscle |
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What are the layers of the vagine? |
Mucosa Muscularis Adventitia |
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Classify mammary glands |
Develop from epidermis Compound tubuloalveolar Modified aprocrine sweat glands |
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Where do lobules empty? |
Lacteriferous duct then sinus Empty onto surface of nipple |
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Compare the difference between interlobular and intralobular connective tissue. |
Interlobular CT- Loose connective tissue Intralobular CT- Dense irregular |
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Describe the inactive mammary gland. |
Lobules contain ducts in addition to LCT Ducts are Lined with simple cuboidal epithelium Myoepithelial cells are present between epithelium and basal lamina |
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What changes occur in the inactive breast during uterine cycle? |
Proliferation of ducts and transient edema due to estrogen |
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What main change occurs in the mammary gland during pregnancy |
Intralobular duct proliferation, milk-secreting cells Estrogen = stimulates proliferation of ducts Progesterone= stimulates growth of secretory alveoli - Adipose tissue/CT decreases because of growth of secretory alveoli - Plasma cells, lymphocytes and eosinophils infiltrate CT |
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What is the cause of breast enlargement? |
Proliferation of Ductal and alveolar cells Hypertrophy of secretory cells Accumulation of secretions in alveoli
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What is the major difference between proliferative and lactating mammary glands? |
Lumens of secretory alveoli dilate due to accumulation of milk in lactating mammary glands |
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Describe the epithelium of the alveoli and intralobular ducts of lactating mammary glands. |
- cuboidal epithelium - myoepithelial cells
Small amt. of CT separating alveoli |
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Describe the release of milk and lipids from secretory cells in the alveoli. |
Milk = merocrine Lipids = Apocrine |
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Describe first milk/colostrum |
- Released by alveoli in first few days - More protein and fewer lipids than actual milk - sIgA and IgG produced by plasa cells are found in colostrum (confer passive immunity to newborn) |
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How is the production of lipid-rich milk stimulated? |
During pregnancy estrogen and progesterone suppresses release of prolactin from adenohypophysis After birth, prolactin release stimulates production of lipid-rich milk
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How does the ejection of milk occur? |
Suckling stimulation = neural-humoral reflex Neural sensory impulses from breast impinge on supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of hypothalamus Oxytocin released from neurohyposphysis = myoepithelial cell contraction of alveoli and lactiferous ducts = ejection of milk |
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T/F: The mammary gland grows after menopause |
False. It atrophies/involutes |
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Describe the two kinds of breast cancer |
Ductal carcinoma= involving ductal cells Lobular carcinoma = terminal ductules
Metastasis to axillary lymph nodes, lungs, bone and brain |
