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95 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Streptococcal Sore Throat, causes
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bacterial infection in the pharynx
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Streptococcal Sore Throat, symptoms
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sore throat, fever, pus from tonsils, enlarged lymph nodes, rash, palatal petechiae (small hemorrhages on the palate)
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Streptococcal Sore Throat, diagnosis
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rapid strep test, ASO blood test, plane of sensitivity
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Streptococcal Sore Throat, treatment
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antibiotics- amoxicillin, penicillin
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Streptococcal Sore Throat, complications
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Glomerulonephritis (renal disease, inflammation of blood vessels in kidneys), rheumatic fever, PANDAS
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Glomerulonephritis, causes
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complication of strep throat, inflammation of the blood vessels (glomeruli) in the kidney
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Glomerulonephritis, symptoms
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hematuria (blood in urine), proteinuria (protein in urine/ foamy urine), hypertension, edema, fatigue, less frequent urination
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Glomerulonephritis, diagnosis
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urinalysis (red blood cells in urine= damage to glomeruli, white blood cells= infection or inflammation, protein= nephron damage), imaging test to view possible kidney damage, kidney biopsy (sure diagnosis)
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Glomerulonephritis, treatment
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antibiotics for strep, temporary dialysis (removes excess fluid from kidney and controls blood pressure), kidney dialysis, kidney transplant
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Rheumatic fever, causes
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complication of strep, acute inflammation of heart and joints
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Rheumatic fever, symptoms
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Major Criteria: carditis (inflammation of the heart), chorea (jerky uncontrolled movements), polyarthritis, erythema marginatum (flat painless rashes), subcutaneous nodules
Minor Criteria: fever, arthralgia (joint pain), previous rheumatic fever |
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Rheumatic fever, diagnosis
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two major criteria or one major criteria and two minor criteria must be present, also must have had a recent case of strep... physical examination, electrocardiogram, echocardiogram
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Rheumatic fever, treatment
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antibiotics, anti-inflammatory medication, anti-convulsive treatment, long term care for possible heart damage
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Rheumatic fever, complications
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rheumatic heart disease, weakened heart, narrowed or leak in mitral valve
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PANDAS
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pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcus, kids that have OCD or tics can sometimes have worsened symptoms after contracting streptococcus
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Bubonic Plague, causes
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Yersinia Pestis> bites by rodents fleas, exposure to humans with pneumonic plague, handling infected animal carcasses, scratches or bites from infected domestic cats, exposure to aerosals
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Bubonic Plague, symptoms
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buboes, fever, headache, weakness, intense pain, headache, malaise, swollen lymph nodes, pus exuding from lymph nodes, bleeding of the lymph nodes, nausea, vomiting, joint pains and aches
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Bubonic Plague, treatment
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antibiotics (streptomycin), vaccination, isolation, prevention
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Bubonic Plague, complications
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pneumonia, meningitis
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Hantavirus, types
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Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome- acute respiratory disease caused by hantavirus
Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome- group of similar illnesses caused by hantavirus |
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Hantavirus, causes
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urine, feces, or saliva from infected rodents, inhalation of viral aerosals produced by infected rat excretion
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Hantavirus, symptoms
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Early: flu-like symptoms, fever, chills, muscles aches, headaches, nausea,vomiting, shortness of breath, rapid heartbeat, gastrointestinal problems
Later: hypotension, hypoxia (lack of oxygen), cyanosis of skin, fluid in lungs, respiratory failure |
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Hantavirus, treatment
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no cure or treatment for actual disease, ribavirin helps treat HFRS (shortens illness and reduces the risk of death, stops viral replication), oxygen therapy helps treat hypoxia, breathing tube and ventilator
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Hantavirus, prevention
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avoid exposure, make campsite in area without rodents, clear rodent nest of home
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Rabies, causes
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direct contact with infected host through a bite or other wound
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Rabies, progresson
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primary replication in muscles and connective tissue show no symptoms at first, virus infects peripheral nerves and travels along neurons to the CNS, then causes deterioration of the brain which triggers the symptoms
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Rabies, symptoms
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Early: malaise, hyperesthesia (an abnormally acute sense of pain, heat, cold)
Later: cerebral excitement, rage, muscle spasms, hydrophobia, convulsions, anxiety, hallucinations, paranoia, frothing at the mouth, confusion, death within 2-10 days of symptoms |
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Rabies, treatment
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vaccination
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Pancreatic Cancer, causes
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chronic pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas), family history, smoking, obesity
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Pancreatic Cancer, symptoms
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weight loss, lack of insulin production/ pancreatic juices, jaundice, nausea, diarrhea, bloating, weakness
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Pancreatic Cancer, Diagnosis
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angiogram (x-ray of blood vessels by injecting iodine), CT scan, transabdominal ultrasound, ERCP (endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography)
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Pancreatic Cancer, treatment
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curable in early stages, surgery, chemotherapy, radiation
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Melanoma, types
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superficial spreading (flat and irregular in shape and color),
Nodular (raised and blackish blue or blueish red in color), Lentigo Maligna (elderly people due to sun damage), Acral lentiginous (palms and soles and under the fingers nails, typically in african americans |
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Melanoma, causes/risk factors
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living in a sunny climate or high altitude, long term exposure to sun, blistering sunburn during childhood, tanning devices, family history, abnormal moles or birthmarks, freckling, red/blonde hair, fair skin, blue/green eyes, weak immune system
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Melanoma, symptoms
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mole or growth on skin, change in skin pigment, abnormally shaped moles, lesions with irregular edges, color change in a mole, mole larger than 6 mm
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Melanoma, diagnosis
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skin examination, biopsy of lesion
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Melanoma, treatment
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surgical removal of lesion, lymph node removal (if spread there), interferon treatments, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, radiation, clinical trials
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Coarctation of the Aorta, causes
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arrowing of the aorta, lack of blood flow, high blood pressure
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Coarctation of the Aorta, symptoms
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pale skin, irritability, heavy sweating, difficulty breathing,
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Coarctation of the Aorta, diagnosis
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chest x-ray, echocardiogram, electrocardiogram, MRI, cardiac catheterization
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Coarctation of the Aorta, treatment
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patch aortoplasty, end-to-end anastomsis, left subclavian angioplasty, bypass graft repair
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Coarctation of the Aorta, complications
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inadequate blood flow, high blood pressure, stroke, rupture of aorta, coronary artery disease, weak or bulging artery in the brain
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Rheumatic Endocarditis, causes
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endocarditis (inflammation of the lining of the heart and its valves) caused by rheumatic fever
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Rheumatic Endocarditis, symptoms
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inflammatory lesions in connective tissue (heart, joints, blood vessels), sweating, chills, fatigue, fever, shortness of breath, joint pain, swelling of legs, feet, and abdomen, weakness, weight loss
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Rheumatic Endocarditis, diagnosis
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blood culture, blood count, chest x-ray, echocardiogram, Jones Criteria from American Heart Association
Major Criteria: arthritis of multiple joints, carditis, nodules under skin, chorea, skin rash Minor Criteria: fever, joint pain, EKG changes, high ESR |
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Rheumatic Endocarditis, treatment
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corticosteroids, aspirin, immunoglobulin, salicylates
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Asthma, causes
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allergies, smoke, environmental factors, swelling and narrowing of airways, obesity, genes, stress, extra mucus
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Asthma, symptoms
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wheezing, chest tightness, breathing problems, coughing, lack of air flow, inflammation
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Asthma, diagnosis
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examine medical history, physical exam, breathing test> spirometry (measures the amount of air that is inhaled and exhaled and also the speed of breathing) and challenge tests (deliberately triggering symptoms)
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Asthma, treatment
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peak flow meter (monitors asthma by measuring how air moves out of lungs, decline in peak flow may mean an upcoming asthma attack), preventive checkups (doctors visit every 2-6 weeks until asthma is under control), medication through inhaler
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Peptic Ulcer, types
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stomach- gastric ulcer, duodenum- duodenal ulcer, esophagus- esophageal ulcer
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Peptic Ulcer, causes
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regular use of pain killers, smoking, excessive drinking, stress, GI tract exposed to stomach excretions, acid-resistant bacteria
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Peptic Ulcer, symptoms
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abdominal pain, bloating, fullness, waterbrash, nausea, burping, vomiting, loss of appetite, weight loss, hematemesis, melena
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Peptic Ulcer, diagnosis
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blood test. urea breath test, upper GI tract x-ray,endoscopy, biopsy
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Peptic Ulcer, treatment
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antibiotics, acid blockers, antacid drugs, proton pump inhibitor, cytoprotective agents, avoid destructive behavior
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Parkinson's Disease, causes
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unknown
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Parkinson's Disease, symptoms
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resting tremors, aching muscles, slow or limited movement (Bradykinesia), facial and throat weakness, difficulty walking, lack of balance and coordination, cramps, oily skin, constipation, incontinence, insomnia, dementia
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Parkinson's Disease, diagnosis
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no test for Parkinson’s, test for similar diseases, PET scan to test for low levels of dopamine
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Parkinson's Disease, treatment
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no cure, dopamine agonists can lessen symptoms for a while
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Down's Syndrome, causes
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abnormalities in chromosome number from nondisjunction, autosome 21 has 47 chromosomes instead of 46 (trisomy 21), older women have a higher risk
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Down's Syndrome, symptoms
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slanted eyes, hyper extensibility of joints, short stature, mental retardation, abnormalities in cardiovascular system, intestines, and kidneys, small mouth with protruding tongue, decreased muscle tone, small or abnormally shaped head, cognitive impairment
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Down's Syndrome, diagnosis
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chromosome analysis test before birth> amniocentesis (needle into abdominal wall), Chorionic Villus Sampling (sample taken from placenta), Percutaneous Umbilical Cord Sampling
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Down's Syndrome, treatment
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no cure, regular checkups for associated symptoms, special education, physical and occupational therapy
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Down's Syndrome, complications
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decreased life span, weakened immune system, acute leukemia, brain lesion similar to those of Alzheimer’s
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Pulmonary Fibrosis, causes
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toxins, radiation, infections, age, occupation, smoking, family history
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Pulmonary Fibrosis, progression
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scarring of lung tissue, repeated injury to alveoli, stiffening of lungs
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Pulmonary Fibrosis, symptoms
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shortness of breath (dysnea), difficulty breathing, dry cough, fatigue, weight loss, constant muscle ache
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Pulmonary Fibrosis, diagnosis
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chest x-ray, CT scan, pulmonary function test, oximetry, exercise stress test, biopsy
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Pulmonary Fibrosis, treatment
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corticosteriod, immunosuppressant, lung transplant, oxygen therapy, pulmonary rehabilitation
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Pulmonary Fibrosis, complications
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hypoxemia, high blood pressure, right side heart failure, respiratory failure
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Pulmonary Fibrosis, treatment
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corticosteriod, immunosuppressant, lung transplant, oxygen therapy, pulmonary rehabilitation
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Pulmonary Fibrosis, complications
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hypoxemia, high blood pressure, right side heart failure, respiratory failure
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Diabetes, types
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Type 1- insulin dependent, not enough insulin produced
Type 2- non insulin dependent, enough insulin but cells do not function properly causing a buildup of glucose |
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Diabetes, causes
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obesity, family, history, ethnicity, age
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Diabetes, symptoms
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excessive thirst and appetite, increased urination, unusual weight loss or weight gain, fatigue, blurred vision, dry mouth, slow healing of cuts or sores, tingling in hands or feet
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Diabetes, diagnosis
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fasting plasma glucose test, casual plasma glucose test, oral glucose tolerance test, hemoglobin A1c test... all testing to see if the glucose level is above 126 mg/dL
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Diabetes, treatment
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insulin amount depending on lifestyle, number of injections willing to give daily, frequency patient can check blood sugar level, age. weight loss, exercise and healthy diet, medication (Precose), stop smoking
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Diabetes, complications
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elevated or abnormally low blood sugar levels, blindness, myocardial infarction, kidney problems, loss of sensation, gangrene
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Pyelonephristis, causes
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gram negative bacteria (e. coli, kelbsiella, enterobacter
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Pyelonphristis, progression
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infection ascends from bladder of through the blood stream, inflammation of the kidneys and renal pelvis (sparing the glomeruli, patchy distribution, no affecting both kidneys equally), progresses quickly to the chronic stage, formation of numerous small abscesses, renal failure, then finally either abscesses continue to form until kidneys become large bags of pus or violent inflammatory reaction in which healing occurs and scar tissue forms causing the kidneys to shrink and create a granular surface
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Pyelonephristis, symptoms
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pyuria (pus in the urine), morphonuclear leukocytes, flank pain, low grade fever
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Pyelonephristis, diagnosis
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examination of the contaminated urine (colony count greater than 100,000 bacteria per mL)
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Pyelonephristis, treatment
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antibiotics, possible removal of kidney
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Biliary Dyskinesia, define
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gallbladder disease that occurs without gallstones (acalculous gallbladder disease)
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Biliary Dyskinesia, causes
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major surgery, serious injury, major burns, body wide infections, intravenous feeding, prolonged fasting, immune system deficiency
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Biliary Dyskinesia, progression
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attacks of acute cholecystitis (sudden nausea or pain, no infection), long lasting inflammation, thickening of the gallbladder walls, gallbladder shrinks and eventual loss of function
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Biliary Dyskinesia, symptoms
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gallbladder attack, pain in breathing, pain in lower part of the right shoulder blade or back, nausea, vomiting, lose of appetite
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Biliary Dyskinesia, diagnosis
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ultrasound, HIDA scan
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Biliary Dyskinesia, treatment
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cholecystectomy (surgical removal of the gallbladder)
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Biliary Dyskinesia, complications
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jaundice, pancreatitis, cancer in the gallbladder, gangrene
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Brain tumors, types
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Grade I- surgically removable and long term survival,
Grade II- may or may not reoccur in other parts as a Grade III or spread to other tissues, Grade III- malignant and usually reoccur as Grade IV, Grade IV- highly malignant, spread to surrounding tissues, grow very rapidly |
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Brain tumors, causes
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abnormalities in the...... glial cells, cells from spinal cord, substance that cover and protects nerves, meninges, base of pituitary gland, germ cells, pineal gland
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Brain tumors, symptoms
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headaches, nausea, vomiting, changes in speech, vision, and hearing, balance and walking problems, change in mood or personality, memory problems, muscle jerks, muscle twitches, numbness or tingling
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Brain tumors, diagnosis
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physical exam, neurological exam, MRI, CT scan, angiogram, skull x-ray, spinal tap, biopsy
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Brain tumors, treatment
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surgery (craniotomy), radiation therapy, chemotherapy
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