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11 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Drawing a conclusion based on admitted ignorance |
Appeal to Ignorance |
EXAMPLE: "No one has ever proved that there is a God, so obviously God does not exist." |
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When an arguer attempts to support a conclusion by using a premise that claims that some questionable source says the conclusion is true. |
Appeal to Inappropriate Authority |
Sources may be questionable if they are known to be, or suspected of, lacking expertise in the area. |
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A causes B simply because A and B are associated with one another. |
False Cause (cum hoc ergo propter hoc) |
EXAMPLE:
"Every time I have a bad day, it rains. Therefore, me having a bad day must cause it to rain." |
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When a conclusion is asserted on the basis solely that B follows A, so A must cause B. |
False Cause (post hoc ergo propter hoc)
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EXAMPLE:
"Look at what happened as soon as Obama became president: our nation is in greater financial ruin than it has been since the Great Depression." |
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Assertion that A causes B when in reality there are many causes besides A. |
False Cause (causal oversimplification) |
EXAMPLE:
"Ralph Nader is the sole reason that Bush became president." |
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Confusing "A causes B" when in reality, "B causes A". |
False Cause (confusion of cause and effect)
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EXAMPLE:
"CSU decided to build a new parking lot for students. Sure enough, as soon as they did it caused more students to start driving to campus." |
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When a proposed causal sequence is unlikely to be true and this false sequence is used to justify a conclusion. |
Slippery Slope |
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When the arguer draws a conclusion that creates a general rule based on too few specific cases or exceptional cases. |
Hasty Generalization/Composition
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Also may occur by inappropriately attributing a characteristic of the parts of something to the whole. |
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Inappropriately distributing a characteristic of some whole thing to parts of that thing. |
Division |
EXAMPLE:
"The United States is the most powerful nation on earth, so each American must be extremely powerful." |
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Basing a conclusion solely on established practice. |
Appeal to Tradition |
EXAMPLE: "College freshmen have always been subject to hazing, so there obviously can't be anything wrong with it." |
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Basing a conclusion on the rejection of two options when there are plenty of other options. |
False Dichotomy |
EXAMPLE: "Mom, either you let me go to the NSYNC concert or I will die!" |
