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204 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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_______ is the study of living things – the science of life.
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(BIOLOGY) is the study of living things – the science of life.
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The living world teems with a breathtaking variety of creatures – whales, butterflies, mushrooms, and mosquitoes – all of which can be categorized into six groups, or ________, of organisms.
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The living world teems with a breathtaking variety of creatures – whales, butterflies, mushrooms, and mosquitoes – all of which can be categorized into six groups, or (KINGDOMS), of organisms.
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All organisms that are placed into a kingdom possess similar _______________ with all other organisms in that same kingdom and are very different from organisms in the other kingdoms.
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All organisms that are placed into a kingdom possess similar (CHARACTERISTICS) with all other organisms in that same kingdom and are very different from organisms in the other kingdoms.
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Biologists study the diversity of life in many different ways. They live with gorillas, collect fossils, and listen to whales. They isolate bacteria, grow mushrooms, and examine the structure of fruit flies. They read the messages encoded in the long molecules of heredity and count how many times a hummingbird’s wings beat each second. In the midst of all this diversity, it is easy to lose sight of the key lesson of biology, which is that all living things have much in ______.
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Biologists study the diversity of life in many different ways. They live with gorillas, collect fossils, and listen to whales. They isolate bacteria, grow mushrooms, and examine the structure of fruit flies. They read the messages encoded in the long molecules of heredity and count how many times a hummingbird’s wings beat each second. In the midst of all this diversity, it is easy to lose sight of the key lesson of biology, which is that all living things have much in (COMMON).
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Kingdoms of Life – This kingdom of prokaryotes (the simplest of cells that do not have nuclei) includes this methanogen, which manufactures methane as a result of its metabolic activity. These are less complex, single-cell organisms. Do not have a nucleus, can survive in extreme conditions.
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Archaea
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Kingdoms of Life – This group is the 2nd of the 2 prokaryotic kingdoms. The majority of this kind of ________ is not harmful and a lot are helpful. Do not have a nucleus.
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Bacteria
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Kingdoms of Life – Most of the unicellular eukaryotes (those whose cells contain a nucleus) are grouped into this kingdom. “Eukaryotes” (Eukaryotes include protista, fungi, plantae, and animalia) this includes more complex cells; includes all multicellular organisms, all of these have a nucleus. Requires oxygen to survive.
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Protista
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Kingdoms of Life – This kingdom contains nonphotosynthetic organisms, mostly multicellular, that digest their food externally, such as mushrooms. non photosynthetic.
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Fungi
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Kingdoms of Life – This kingdom contains photosynthetic multicellular organisms that are terrestrial, multicellular (all plants), photosynthetic.
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Plantae
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Kingdoms of Life – Organisms in this kingdom are nonphotosynthetic multicellular organisms that digest their food internally, such as a ram. non photosynthetic, multicellular, digest food.
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Animalia
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Eukaryotes include ________, _____, _______, and ________.
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Eukaryotes include (PROTISTA), (FUNGI), (PLANTAE), and (ANIMALIA).
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All living things share five basic properties, passed down over millions of years from the first organisms to evolve on earth: ________ ____________, __________, ___________, ______ ___ ____________, and ________.
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All living things share five basic properties, passed down over millions of years from the first organisms to evolve on earth: (CELLULAR ORGANIZATION), (METABOLISM), (HOMEOSTASIS), (GROWTH AND REPRODUCTION), and (HEREDITY).
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1. All living things are composed of one or more cells. A cell is a tiny compartment with a thin covering called a membrane. Some cells have simple interiors, while others are complexly organized, but all are able to grow and reproduce. Many organisms possess only a single cell; your body contains about 10-100 trillion cells (depending on how big you are) – that’s how many centimeters long a string would be wrapped around the world 1,600 times!
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Cellular Organization
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2. All living things use energy. Moving, growing, thinking – everything you do requires energy. Energy is captured from sunlight by plants and algae through photosynthesis. To get the energy that powers our lives, we extract it from plants or from plant-eating animals (eating a fish that ate algae). The transfer of energy from one form to another in cells is an example of __________. All organisms require energy to grow, and all organisms transfer this energy from one place to another within cells using special energy-carrying molecules called ATP molecules.
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Metabolism
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3. All living things maintain stable internal conditions so that their complex processes can be better coordinated. While the environment often varies a lot, organisms act to keep their interior conditions relatively constant; a process called ___________. Your body acts to maintain an internal temperature of 37 degrees C (98.6 degrees F), however hot or cold the weather might be.
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Homeostasis
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4. All living things grow and reproduce. Bacteria increase in size and simply split in two, as often as every 15 minutes, while more complex organisms grow by increasing the number of cells and reproduce sexually (some, like the bristlecone pine of California, have reproduced after 4,600 years).
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Growth and reproduction
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5. All organisms possess a genetic system that is based on the replication and duplication of a long molecule called DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). The information that determines what an individual organism will be like is contained in a code that is dictated by the order of the subunits making up the DNA molecule, just as the order of letters on this page determines the sense of what you are reading. Each set of instructions within the DNA is called a gene. Together, the genes determine what the organism will be like. Because DNA is faithfully copied from one generation to the next, any change in a gene is also preserved and passed on to future generations. The transmission of characteristics from parent to offspring is a process called ________.
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Heredity
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A ____ is a section of DNA that is coded for a particular protein.
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A (GENE) is a section of DNA that is coded for a particular protein.
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The _________ of the living world function and interact with each other at many levels, from the very small and simple to the large and complex. A key factor in organizing these interactions is the degree of complexity. We will examine the complexity of life at three levels: ________, organismal, and ____________.
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The (ORGANISMS) of the living world function and interact with each other at many levels, from the very small and simple to the large and complex. A key factor in organizing these interactions is the degree of complexity. We will examine the complexity of life at three levels: (CELLULAR), organismal, and (POPULATIONAL).
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At the cellular level, there is a hierarchy of increasing complexity within cells (structures get more and more complex), listed in order they are: _____, _________, _____________, _________, and ____.
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At the cellular level, there is a hierarchy of increasing complexity within cells (structures get more and more complex), listed in order they are: (ATOMS), (MOLECULES), (MACROMOLECULE), (ORGANELLE), and (CELL).
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1. The fundamental elements of matter are _____.
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Atoms
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2. Atoms are joined together into complex clusters called _________.
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Atoms are joined together into complex clusters called (MOLECULES).
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3. Large complex molecules are called ______________. DNA, which stores the hereditary information in all living organisms, is a _____________.
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Large complex molecules are called (MACROMOLECULES). DNA, which stores the hereditary information in all living organisms, is a (MACROMOLECULE).
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4. Complex biological molecules are assembled into tiny compartments within cells called __________, within which cellular activities are organized. The nucleus is an _________ within which the cell’s DNA is stored.
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Complex biological molecules are assembled into tiny compartments within cells called (ORGANELLES), within which cellular activities are organized. The nucleus is an (ORGANELLE) within which the cell’s DNA is stored.
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5. The basic unit of life (from class) – Organelles and other elements are assembled in the membrane-bounded units we call _____. These are the smallest level of organization that can be considered alive.
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The basic unit of life (from class) – Organelles and other elements are assembled in the membrane-bounded units we call (CELLS). These are the smallest level of organization that can be considered alive.
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*All _____ come from other cells.
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*All (CELLS) come from other cells.
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6. A ______ is a group of cells that is able to perform a function that an individual cell cannot perform (from class). – The most basic level is that of _______, which are groups of similar cells that act as a functional unit. Nerve ______ is one kind of ______, composed of cells called neurons that are specialized to carry electrical signals from one place to another in the body.
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A (TISSUE) is a group of cells that is able to perform a function that an individual cell cannot perform (from class). – The most basic level is that of (TISSUES), which are groups of similar cells that act as a functional unit. Nerve (TISSUE) is one kind of (TISSUE), composed of cells called neurons that are specialized to carry electrical signals from one place to another in the body.
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7. An _____ is a group of tissues that is able to perform a function that an individual tissue cannot perform (from class). – Tissues, in turn, are grouped into ______, which are body structures composed of several different tissues grouped together in a structural and functional unit. Your brain is an _____ composed of nerve cells and a variety of connective tissues that form protective coverings and distribute blood.
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An (ORGAN) is a group of tissues that is able to perform a function that an individual tissue cannot perform (from class). – Tissues, in turn, are grouped into (ORGANS), which are body structures composed of several different tissues grouped together in a structural and functional unit. Your brain is an (ORGAN) composed of nerve cells and a variety of connective tissues that form protective coverings and distribute blood.
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8. An _____ ______ is a group of organs that is able to perform a function that an individual organ cannot perform (from class). – At the 3rd level of organization, organs are grouped into _____ _______. The nervous system, for example, consists of sensory organs, the brain and spinal cord, and neurons that convey signals to and from them and supporting cells.
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An (ORGAN SYSTEM) is a group of organs that is able to perform a function that an individual organ cannot perform (from class). – At the 3rd level of organization, organs are grouped into (ORGAN SYSTEMS). The nervous system, for example, consists of sensory organs, the brain and spinal cord, and neurons that convey signals to and from them and supporting cells.
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9. An ________ is a group of organ system that is able to perform a function that an individual organ system cannot perform (from class). – Separate organ systems function together to form an ________.
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An (ORGANISM) is a group of organ system that is able to perform a function that an individual organ system cannot perform (from class). – Separate organ systems function together to form an (ORGANISM).
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Organisms are further organized into several hierarchical levels within the living world.
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Populational Level
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10. A group of organisms of the same species living in the same place. – The most basic of these is the __________, which is a group of organisms of the same species living in the same place. A flock of geese living together on a pond is a __________.
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A group of organisms of the same species living in the same place. – The most basic of these is the (POPULATION), which is a group of organisms of the same species living in the same place. A flock of geese living together on a pond is a (POPULATION).
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11. All the populations of a particular kind of organism together form a _______, its members similar in appearance and able to interbreed. All Canada geese, whether found in Canada, Minnesota, or Missouri, are basically the same, members of the _______ Branta Canadensis. Sandhill cranes are a different _______.
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All the populations of a particular kind of organism together form a (SPECIES), its members similar in appearance and able to interbreed. All Canada geese, whether found in Canada, Minnesota, or Missouri, are basically the same, members of the (SPECIES) Branta Canadensis. Sandhill cranes are a different (SPECIES).
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12. At a higher level of biological organization, a _________ consists of all the populations of different species living together in one place. Geese, for example, may share their pond with ducks, fish, grasses, and many kinds of insects. All interact in a single pond _________.
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At a higher level of biological organization, a (COMMUNITY) consists of all the populations of different species living together in one place. Geese, for example, may share their pond with ducks, fish, grasses, and many kinds of insects. All interact in a single pond (COMMUNITY).
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13. Includes all living organisms and all of the non-living factors. – At the highest tier of biological organization, a biological community and the soil and water within which it lives together constitute an __________ ______, or _________.
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Includes all living organisms and all of the non-living factors. – At the highest tier of biological organization, a biological community and the soil and water within which it lives together constitute an (ECOLOGICAL SYSTEM), or (ECOSYSTEM).
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At each higher level in the living hierarchy, ________ __________ emerge (not present at the simpler level of organization), properties that result from the way in which components interact, yet by comparing a human and a giraffe, you wouldn’t be able to tell the difference from examining individual cells.
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At each higher level in the living hierarchy, (EMERGENT PROPERTIES) emerge (not present at the simpler level of organization), properties that result from the way in which components interact, yet by comparing a human and a giraffe, you wouldn’t be able to tell the difference from examining individual cells.
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The emergent properties of life are the natural consequence of the hierarchy or structural organization which is the hallmark of life. Water (makes up __-__% of your body’s weight) and ice are both made of H2O molecules, but one is liquid and the other solid because the H2O molecules in ice are more _________.
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The emergent properties of life are the natural consequence of the hierarchy or structural organization which is the hallmark of life. Water (makes up (50-75)% of your body’s weight) and ice are both made of H2O molecules, but one is liquid and the other solid because the H2O molecules in ice are more (ORGANIZED).
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Functional properties emerge from more complex organization. __________ is an emergent property of life. The chemical reactions within a cell arise from interactions between molecules that are orchestrated by the orderly ___________ of the cell’s interior.
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Functional properties emerge from more complex organization. (METABOLISM) is an emergent property of life. The chemical reactions within a cell arise from interactions between molecules that are orchestrated by the orderly (ENVIRONMENT) of the cell’s interior.
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_____________ is an emergent property of the brain that results from the interactions of many neurons in different parts of the brain.
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(CONSCIOUSNESS) is an emergent property of the brain that results from the interactions of many neurons in different parts of the brain.
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__________ – disease-causing (________ – an organism that causes a disease)
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(PATHOGENIC) – disease-causing ([PATHOGEN] – an organism that causes a disease)
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It is estimated that our world is populated by some 10 to 100 million different kinds of _________. To talk about them and study them, it is necessary to give them names, just as it is necessary that people have names.
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It is estimated that our world is populated by some 10 to 100 million different kinds of (ORGANISMS). To talk about them and study them, it is necessary to give them names, just as it is necessary that people have names.
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No one can remember the name of every kind of organism, so biologists use a kind of multilevel grouping of individuals called ______________.
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No one can remember the name of every kind of organism, so biologists use a kind of multilevel grouping of individuals called (CLASSIFICATION).
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The classification system of the Middle Ages, called the polynomial system, was used virtually unchanged for hundreds of years, until it was replaced about 250 years ago by the binomial system introduced by ________.
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The classification system of the Middle Ages, called the polynomial system, was used virtually unchanged for hundreds of years, until it was replaced about 250 years ago by the binomial system introduced by (LINNAEUS).
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A much simpler system of naming animals, plants, and other organisms stems from the work of the Swedish biologist Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778). Linnaeus devoted his life to a challenge that had defeated many biologists before him – __________ all the different kinds of organisms.
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A much simpler system of naming animals, plants, and other organisms stems from the work of the Swedish biologist Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778). Linnaeus devoted his life to a challenge that had defeated many biologists before him – (CATALOGING) all the different kinds of organisms.
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Linnaeus, a botanist studying the plants of Sweden and from around the world, developed a plant classification system based on grouping plants based on the ____________ structures. This system resulted in some seemingly unnatural grouping and therefore was never universally accepted.
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Linnaeus, a botanist studying the plants of Sweden and from around the world, developed a plant classification system based on grouping plants based on the (REPRODUCTIVE) structures. This system resulted in some seemingly unnatural grouping and therefore was never universally accepted.
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In the 1750s he produced several major works that, like his earlier books, employed the polynomial system. But as a kind of shorthand, Linnaeus also included in these books a two-part name for each species (others had also occasionally done this, but Linnaeus used these shorthand names consistently). These two-part names, or _________, have become our standard way of designating species.
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In the 1750s he produced several major works that, like his earlier books, employed the polynomial system. But as a kind of shorthand, Linnaeus also included in these books a two-part name for each species (others had also occasionally done this, but Linnaeus used these shorthand names consistently). These two-part names, or (BINOMIALS), have become our standard way of designating species.
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Linnaeus took the naming of organisms a step further, grouping similar organisms into higher-level categories based on similar characteristics. Although not intended to show ____________ connections between different organisms, this hierarchical system acknowledged that there were broad similarities shared by groups of species that distinguished them from other groups.
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Linnaeus took the naming of organisms a step further, grouping similar organisms into higher-level categories based on similar characteristics. Although not intended to show (EVOLUTIONARY) connections between different organisms, this hierarchical system acknowledged that there were broad similarities shared by groups of species that distinguished them from other groups.
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A group of organisms at a particular level in a classification system is called a _____ (plural, ____), and the branch of biology that identifies and names such groups of organisms is called ________.
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A group of organisms at a particular level in a classification system is called a (TAXON) (plural, (TAXA)), and the branch of biology that identifies and names such groups of organisms is called (TAXONOMY).
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Taxonomists are in a real sense detectives, biologists who must use clues of appearance and behavior to identify and assign names to _________.
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Taxonomists are in a real sense detectives, biologists who must use clues of appearance and behavior to identify and assign names to (ORGANISMS).
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By formal agreement among taxonomists throughout the world, no two organisms can have the same name. So that no one country is favored, a language spoken by no country – _____ – is used for the names.
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By formal agreement among taxonomists throughout the world, no two organisms can have the same name. So that no one country is favored, a language spoken by no country – (LATIN) – is used for the names.
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By convention, the first world of the binomial name is the _____ to which the organism belongs. This word is always capitalized. The second word, called the specific _______, refers to the particular species and is not capitalized. The two words together are called the scientific name, or _______ ____, and are written in italics.
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By convention, the first world of the binomial name is the (GENUS) to which the organism belongs. This word is always capitalized. The second word, called the specific (EPITHET), refers to the particular species and is not capitalized. The two words together are called the scientific name, or (SPECIES NAME), and are written in italics.
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The naming of organisms.
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Taxonomy
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Every type of organism has a _____ name and a _______ name.
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Every type of organism has a (GENUS) name and a (SPECIES) name.
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These “binomials” of naming organisms have rules, name them:
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1. The names must be Latin or Latinized.
2. The first letter of the genus name is capitalized (the species name is always lower case) 3. Both (genus and species name) always in italics. 4. The species name is never used alone. 5. ??? maybe more |
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Biologists call the “top” level.
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Domain
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A biologist needs more than two categories to classify all the world’s living things. Taxonomists group the genera with similar properties into a cluster called a ______.
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A biologist needs more than two categories to classify all the world’s living things. Taxonomists group the genera with similar properties into a cluster called a (FAMILY).
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Families that share major characteristics are placed into the same _____.
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Families that share major characteristics are placed into the same (ORDER).
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Orders with common properties are placed into the same _____ (squirrels in the class mammalia), and _______ with similar characteristics into the same ______ (plural, _____) such as the Chordata.
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Orders with common properties are placed into the same (CLASS) (squirrels in the class mammalia), and (CLASSES) with similar characteristics into the same (PHYLUM) (plural, [PHYLA]) such as the Chordata.
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Botanists (that is, those who study plants) also call plant phyla “_________.”
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Botanists (that is, those who study plants) also call plant phyla “(DIVISIONS).”
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The phyla are assigned to one of several gigantic groups, the ________. Biologists currently recognize six ________: two kinds of prokaryotes (Archaea and Bacteria), a largely unicellular group of eukaryotes (Protista), and three multicellular groups (Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia). To remember the seven categories in their proper order, it may prove useful to memorize a phrase such as “Kindly Pay Cash Or Furnish Good Security” or “King Philip Came Over For Green Spaghetti” (Kingdom-Phylum-Class-Order-Family-Genus-Species).
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The phyla are assigned to one of several gigantic groups, the (KINGDOMS). Biologists currently recognize six (KINGDOMS): two kinds of prokaryotes (Archaea and Bacteria), a largely unicellular group of eukaryotes (Protista), and three multicellular groups (Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia). To remember the seven categories in their proper order, it may prove useful to memorize a phrase such as “Kindly Pay Cash Or Furnish Good Security” or “King Philip Came Over For Green Spaghetti” (Kingdom-Phylum-Class-Order-Family-Genus-Species).
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In addition, an eighth level of classification, called _______, is sometimes used.
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In addition, an eighth level of classification, called (DOMAINS), is sometimes used.
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Domains are the broadest and most inclusive taxa, and biologists recognize three of them: ________, _______, and _______.
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Domains are the broadest and most inclusive taxa, and biologists recognize three of them: (BACTERIA), (ARCHAEA), and (EUKARYA).
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Each of the categories in this Linnaean system of classification is loaded with information. For example, consider a honeybee:
Level 1 – Its _______ name, Apis mellifera, identifies the particular _______ of honey bee. |
Each of the categories in this Linnaean system of classification is loaded with information. For example, consider a honeybee:
Level 1 – Its (SPECIES) name, Apis mellifera, identifies the particular (SPECIES) of honey bee. |
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Each of the categories in this Linnaean system of classification is loaded with information. For example, consider a honeybee:
Level 2 – Its _____ name, Apis, tells you it is a honey bee. |
Each of the categories in this Linnaean system of classification is loaded with information. For example, consider a honeybee:
Level 2 – Its (GENUS) name, Apis, tells you it is a honey bee. |
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Each of the categories in this Linnaean system of classification is loaded with information. For example, consider a honeybee:
Level 3 – Its ______, Apidae, are all bees, some solitary, others living in hives as A. mellifera does. |
Each of the categories in this Linnaean system of classification is loaded with information. For example, consider a honeybee:
Level 3 – Its (FAMILY), Apidae, are all bees, some solitary, others living in hives as A. mellifera does. |
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Each of the categories in this Linnaean system of classification is loaded with information. For example, consider a honeybee:
Level 4 – Its _____, Hymenoptera, tells you that it is likely able to sting and may live in colonies. |
Each of the categories in this Linnaean system of classification is loaded with information. For example, consider a honeybee:
Level 4 – Its (ORDER), Hymenoptera, tells you that it is likely able to sting and may live in colonies. |
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Each of the categories in this Linnaean system of classification is loaded with information. For example, consider a honeybee:
Level 5 – Its _____, Insecta, says that A. mellifera has three major body segments, with wings and three pairs of legs attached to the middle segment. |
Each of the categories in this Linnaean system of classification is loaded with information. For example, consider a honeybee:
Level 5 – Its (CLASS), Insecta, says that A. mellifera has three major body segments, with wings and three pairs of legs attached to the middle segment. |
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Each of the categories in this Linnaean system of classification is loaded with information. For example, consider a honeybee:
Level 6 – Its ______, Arthropoda, tells us that it has a hard cruticle of chitin and jointed appendages. |
Each of the categories in this Linnaean system of classification is loaded with information. For example, consider a honeybee:
Level 6 – Its (PHYLUM), Arthropoda, tells us that it has a hard cruticle of chitin and jointed appendages. |
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Each of the categories in this Linnaean system of classification is loaded with information. For example, consider a honeybee:
Level 7 – Its _______, Animalia, says that it is a multicellular heterotroph whose cells lack cell walls. |
Each of the categories in this Linnaean system of classification is loaded with information. For example, consider a honeybee:
Level 7 – Its (KINGDOM), Animalia, says that it is a multicellular heterotroph whose cells lack cell walls. |
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Each of the categories in this Linnaean system of classification is loaded with information. For example, consider a honeybee:
Level 8 – An addition to the Linnaean system, its ______, Eukarya, says that its cells contain membrane-bounded organelles. |
Each of the categories in this Linnaean system of classification is loaded with information. For example, consider a honeybee:
Level 8 – An addition to the Linnaean system, its (DOMAIN), Eukarya, says that its cells contain membrane-bounded organelles. |
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Classification
Taxonomic Categories (from most inclusive to least), listed at the bottom fits every category, and the top (Domain Eukarya) fits in nothing else, there are 8 of them, name them: |
1. Domain – Eukarya (there are 3 – everything fits in these???)
2. Kingdom – Animalia 3. Phylum – Chordata 4. Class – Mammalia 5. Order – Primates 6. Family – Hominidae 7. Genus – Homo sapiens 8. Species – Homo sapiens |
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______________ systems have gone through their own evolution of sorts. The earliest ______________ systems recognized only two kingdoms of living things: animals and plants. But as biologists discovered microorganisms and learned more about other organisms like the protists and the fungi, they added kingdoms in recognition of fundamental differences. Most biologists now use a six-kingdom system first proposed by Carl Woese of the University of Illinois.
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(CLASSIFICATION) systems have gone through their own evolution of sorts. The earliest (CLASSIFICATION) systems recognized only two kingdoms of living things: animals and plants. But as biologists discovered microorganisms and learned more about other organisms like the protists and the fungi, they added kingdoms in recognition of fundamental differences. Most biologists now use a six-kingdom system first proposed by Carl Woese of the University of Illinois.
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In this system, four kingdoms consist of __________ organisms. The two most familiar kingdoms, Animalia and Plantae, contain only organisms that are multicellular during most of their life cycle.
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In this system, four kingdoms consist of (EUKARYOTIC) organisms. The two most familiar kingdoms, Animalia and Plantae, contain only organisms that are multicellular during most of their life cycle.
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The kingdom Fungi contains _____________ forms, such as mushrooms and molds, and single-celled yeasts, which are thought to have _____________ ancestors.
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The kingdom Fungi contains (MULTICELLULAR) forms, such as mushrooms and molds, and single-celled yeasts, which are thought to have (MULTICELLULAR) ancestors.
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Fundamental differences divide these three kingdoms. ______ are mainly stationary, but some have motile sperm; _____ have no motile cells; _______ are mainly motile. Animals ingest their food, plants manufacture it, and fungi digest it by means of secreted extracellular enzymes. Each of these kingdoms probably evolved from a different single-celled ancestor.
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Fundamental differences divide these three kingdoms. (PLANTS) are mainly stationary, but some have motile sperm; (FUNGI) have no motile cells; (ANIMALS) are mainly motile. Animals ingest their food, plants manufacture it, and fungi digest it by means of secreted extracellular enzymes. Each of these kingdoms probably evolved from a different single-celled ancestor.
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The large number of unicellular eukaryotes are arbitrarily grouped into a single kingdom called ________. They include the algae and many kinds of microscopic aquatic organisms. This kingdom is an artificial group in that many of these organisms are only distantly related, and the classification of the protists is in flux.
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The large number of unicellular eukaryotes are arbitrarily grouped into a single kingdom called (PROTISTA). They include the algae and many kinds of microscopic aquatic organisms. This kingdom is an artificial group in that many of these organisms are only distantly related, and the classification of the protists is in flux.
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When the full genomic DNA sequences of an archaean and a bacterium were first compared in 1996, the differences proved striking. Archaea are as different from bacteria as bacteria are from eukaryotes. Recognizing this, biologists have in recent years adopted a taxonomic level higher than kingdom that recognizes _____ domains.
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When the full genomic DNA sequences of an archaean and a bacterium were first compared in 1996, the differences proved striking. Archaea are as different from bacteria as bacteria are from eukaryotes. Recognizing this, biologists have in recent years adopted a taxonomic level higher than kingdom that recognizes (THREE) domains.
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Archaea are in one domain, bacteria in a second, and eukaryotes in the third. While the domain _______ contains four kingdoms of organisms, the domains Bacteria and Archaea contain only one kingdom in each. Because of this, the kingdom level of classification for Bacteria and Archaea is now often omitted, biologists using just their domain and phyla names.
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Archaea are in one domain, bacteria in a second, and eukaryotes in the third. While the domain (EUKARYA) contains four kingdoms of organisms, the domains Bacteria and Archaea contain only one kingdom in each. Because of this, the kingdom level of classification for Bacteria and Archaea is now often omitted, biologists using just their domain and phyla names.
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The domain Archaea contains one kingdom by the same name, the Archaea. The term archaea refers to the ancient origin of this group of ___________, which most likely diverged very early from the bacteria. Today, archaea inhabit some of the most extreme environments on earth.
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The domain Archaea contains one kingdom by the same name, the Archaea. The term archaea refers to the ancient origin of this group of (PROKARYOTES), which most likely diverged very early from the bacteria. Today, archaea inhabit some of the most extreme environments on earth.
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Name the 3 domains:
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Domain Eukaria
Domain Bacteria Domain Archaea |
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Non-extreme?
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Found everywhere
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Release methane, named such because they release methane and are found in anaerobic environments (animal guts, sewers, mud).
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Methanogens
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Without oxygen.
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Anaerobic
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With oxygen
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Aerobic
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Lovers of extreme environments
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Extremophiles
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Requires above boiling temperatures
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`Thermophiles
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Can withstand ultra-salty environments
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`Halophiles
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_________ is the study of the properties of these substances (all life and even nonlife is made up of substances).
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(CHEMISTRY) is the study of the properties of these substances (all life and even nonlife is made up of substances).
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Any substance in the universe that has mass and occupies space is defined as matter. All matter is composed of extremely small particles called atoms. An atom is the smallest particle into which a substance can be divided and still retain its ________ properties.
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Any substance in the universe that has mass and occupies space is defined as matter. All matter is composed of extremely small particles called atoms. An atom is the smallest particle into which a substance can be divided and still retain its (CHEMICAL) properties.
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At the center of every atom is a small, very dense _______ formed of two types of subatomic particles, protons and neutrons. Whizzing around the core is an orbiting cloud of a third kind of subatomic particle, the electron
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At the center of every atom is a small, very dense (NUCLEUS) formed of two types of subatomic particles, protons and neutrons. Whizzing around the core is an orbiting cloud of a third kind of subatomic particle, the electron
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________ have no electrical charge, whereas _______ have a positive charge and _________ have a negative one.
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(NEUTRONS) have no electrical charge, whereas (PROTONS) have a positive charge and (ELECTRONS) have a negative one.
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In each atom, there is an orbiting electron for every proton in the nucleus. The electron’s negative charge balances the proton’s positive charge. The atom is said to be electrically _______.
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In each atom, there is an orbiting electron for every proton in the nucleus. The electron’s negative charge balances the proton’s positive charge. The atom is said to be electrically (NEUTRAL).
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An atom is typically described by the number of _______ in its nucleus or by the overall mass of the atom.
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An atom is typically described by the number of (PROTONS) in its nucleus or by the overall mass of the atom.
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____ refers to the amount of a substance, whereas weight refers to the force gravity exerts on a substance.
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(MASS) refers to the amount of a substance, whereas weight refers to the force gravity exerts on a substance.
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The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is called the ______ ______.
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The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is called the (ATOMIC NUMBER).
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Atoms with the same atomic number have the same chemical properties and are said to belong to the same _______.
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Atoms with the same atomic number have the same chemical properties and are said to belong to the same (ELEMENT).
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An element is any substance that cannot be broken down into any other _________ by ordinary chemical means.
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An element is any substance that cannot be broken down into any other (SUBSTANCE) by ordinary chemical means.
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Neutrons are similar to protons in mass, and the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom is called the ____ ______.
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Neutrons are similar to protons in mass, and the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom is called the (MASS NUMBER).
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_________ determine the chemical behavior of atoms because they are the parts of atoms that come close enough to each other in nature to interact.
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(ELECTRONS) determine the chemical behavior of atoms because they are the parts of atoms that come close enough to each other in nature to interact.
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Almost all the volume of an atom is _____ _____. Protons and neutrons lie at the core of this space, while orbiting electrons are very far from the nucleus.
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Almost all the volume of an atom is (EMPTY SPACE). Protons and neutrons lie at the core of this space, while orbiting electrons are very far from the nucleus.
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Because electrons are negatively charged, they are attracted to the positively charged nucleus, but they also _____ the negative charges of each other.
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Because electrons are negatively charged, they are attracted to the positively charged nucleus, but they also (REPEL) the negative charges of each other.
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Electrons have energy of position, called _________ ______. If you drop an apple from a second story window it has more _________ ______ than dropping it 6 inches from the ground.
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Electrons have energy of position, called (POTENTIAL ENERGY). If you drop an apple from a second story window it has more (POTENTIAL ENERGY) than dropping it 6 inches from the ground.
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Cells use the potential energy of _____ to drive chemical reactions.
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Cells use the potential energy of (ATOMS) to drive chemical reactions.
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When the energy levels of an atom are visualized as well-defined circular orbits around a central nucleus, these energy levels, called ________ ______, often consist of complex 3-dimensional shapes, and the exact location of an individual electron at any given time is impossible to specify. Some locations are more probably than others, so it is possible to say where an electron is most likely to be located.
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When the energy levels of an atom are visualized as well-defined circular orbits around a central nucleus, these energy levels, called (ELECTRON SHELLS), often consist of complex 3-dimensional shapes, and the exact location of an individual electron at any given time is impossible to specify. Some locations are more probably than others, so it is possible to say where an electron is most likely to be located.
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The volume of space around a nucleus where an electron is most likely to be found is called the _______ of that electron.
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The volume of space around a nucleus where an electron is most likely to be found is called the (ORBITAL) of that electron.
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Each electron shell has a specific number of orbitals, and each orbital can hold up to _ electrons.
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Each electron shell has a specific number of orbitals, and each orbital can hold up to (2) electrons.
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The 1st shell in any ____ contains one orbital.
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The 1st shell in any (ATOM) contains one orbital.
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In atoms with more than one electron shell, the 2nd shell contains _ orbitals and holds up to _ electrons.
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In atoms with more than one electron shell, the 2nd shell contains (4) orbitals and holds up to (8) electrons.
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In atoms with more than 2 electron shells, subsequent shells also contain up to _ orbitals and a maximum of _ electrons.
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In atoms with more than 2 electron shells, subsequent shells also contain up to (4) orbitals and a maximum of (8) electrons.
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Atoms with incomplete electron orbitals tend to be more reactive because they lose, gain, or share electrons in order to fill their _________ electron shell.
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Atoms with incomplete electron orbitals tend to be more reactive because they lose, gain, or share electrons in order to fill their (OUTERMOST) electron shell.
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Losing, gaining, or sharing electrons is the basis for chemical reactions in which ________ bonds form between atoms.
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Losing, gaining, or sharing electrons is the basis for chemical reactions in which (CHEMICAL) bonds form between atoms.
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Atoms, the smallest particles into which a substance can be divided, are composed of electrons orbiting a nucleus composed of protons and neutrons. Electrons determine the chemical ________ of atoms.
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Atoms, the smallest particles into which a substance can be divided, are composed of electrons orbiting a nucleus composed of protons and neutrons. Electrons determine the chemical (BEHAVIOR) of atoms.
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Ions are atoms that have either gained one or more electrons (negative ions called ______) or lost one or more electrons (positive ions called _______).
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Ions are atoms that have either gained one or more electrons (negative ions called [ANIONS]) or lost one or more electrons (positive ions called [CATIONS]).
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________ are atoms that have the same number of protons but differing numbers of neutrons. ________ tend to be unstable and break up into other elements through a process called radioactive decay. Some ________ have applications in medicine and dating fossils.
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(ISOTOPES) are atoms that have the same number of protons but differing numbers of neutrons. (ISOTOPES) tend to be unstable and break up into other elements through a process called radioactive decay. Some (ISOTOPES) have applications in medicine and dating fossils.
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Molecules for when atoms are held together with energy. The force holding atoms together is called a chemical bond. There are 3 main types of chemical bonds: _____ bonds, ________ bonds, and ________ bonds.
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Molecules for when atoms are held together with energy. The force holding atoms together is called a chemical bond. There are 3 main types of chemical bonds: (IONIC) bonds, (COVALENT) bonds, and (HYDROGEN) bonds.
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_____ bonds form when ions of opposite charge are attracted to each other. Table salt is formed by _____ bonds between positive sodium ions and negative chloride ions.
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(IONIC) bonds form when ions of opposite charge are attracted to each other. Table salt is formed by (IONIC) bonds between positive sodium ions and negative chloride ions.
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________ bonds form when 2 atoms share electrons, attempting to fill empty electron orbitals. ________ bonds are stronger when more electrons are shared.
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(COVALENT) bonds form when 2 atoms share electrons, attempting to fill empty electron orbitals. (COVALENT) bonds are stronger when more electrons are shared.
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The atoms in a polar molecule are held together by covalent bonds in which the shared electrons are unevenly distributed around their nuclei, giving the molecule a slightly positive end and a slightly negative end. ________ bonds form when the positive end of one polar molecule is attracted to the negative end of another.
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The atoms in a polar molecule are held together by covalent bonds in which the shared electrons are unevenly distributed around their nuclei, giving the molecule a slightly positive end and a slightly negative end. (HYDROGEN) bonds form when the positive end of one polar molecule is attracted to the negative end of another.
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_____ molecules are polar molecules that form hydrogen bonds with each other and with other polar molecules. Many of the physical properties of _____ are attributed to hydrogen bonding.
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(WATER) molecules are polar molecules that form hydrogen bonds with each other and with other polar molecules. Many of the physical properties of (WATER) are attributed to hydrogen bonding.
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Water molecules held together through hydrogen bonding are more difficult to ________, and as a result a significant amount of thermal energy is needed to pull the molecules apart. For this reason, water heats up slowly and holds its temperature longer.
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Water molecules held together through hydrogen bonding are more difficult to (SEPARATE), and as a result a significant amount of thermal energy is needed to pull the molecules apart. For this reason, water heats up slowly and holds its temperature longer.
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The hydrogen bonds that hold water molecules together become more ______ at lower temperature and as a result, they lock water molecules into place in solid crystal structures called ice.
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The hydrogen bonds that hold water molecules together become more (STABLE) at lower temperature and as a result, they lock water molecules into place in solid crystal structures called ice.
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In order for water to vaporize into a gas, a significant input of thermal energy is needed to break the hydrogen bonds. This high heat of vaporization is a property of water used by our bodies in ________________.
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In order for water to vaporize into a gas, a significant input of thermal energy is needed to break the hydrogen bonds. This high heat of vaporization is a property of water used by our bodies in (THERMOREGULATION).
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Because water molecules are polar molecules, they will form hydrogen bonds with other polar molecules. If the other polar molecules are water molecules, the process is called ________. If the other polar molecules are some other substance, the process is called ________.
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Because water molecules are polar molecules, they will form hydrogen bonds with other polar molecules. If the other polar molecules are water molecules, the process is called (COHESION). If the other polar molecules are some other substance, the process is called (ADHESION).
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When water molecules form hydrogen bonds with other polar molecules, water molecules will tend to surround other polar molecules, forming a barrier around them called a hydration shell. _____ molecules are said to be hydrophilic and are water-soluble. ________ molecules do not form hydrogen bonds and will cluster together when placed in water. They are said to be hydrophobic and are water-insoluble.
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When water molecules form hydrogen bonds with other polar molecules, water molecules will tend to surround other polar molecules, forming a barrier around them called a hydration shell. (POLAR) molecules are said to be hydrophilic and are water-soluble. (NONPOLAR) molecules do not form hydrogen bonds and will cluster together when placed in water. They are said to be hydrophobic and are water-insoluble.
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Water molecules dissociate forming negatively charged hydroxide ions (OH-) and positively charged hydrogen ions (H+). This property of water is significant because the _____________ of hydrogen ions in a solution determines its pH.
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Water molecules dissociate forming negatively charged hydroxide ions (OH-) and positively charged hydrogen ions (H+). This property of water is significant because the (CONCENTRATION) of hydrogen ions in a solution determines its pH.
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A solution with a higher hydrogen ion concentration is an ____ with specific chemical properties, and a solution with a lower hydrogen ion concentration is a ____ with different chemical properties.
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A solution with a higher hydrogen ion concentration is an (ACID) with specific chemical properties, and a solution with a lower hydrogen ion concentration is a (BASE) with different chemical properties.
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Substances called _______ control changes in pH by taking up or releasing H+ into the solution and control pH within a range called the ______ range.
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Substances called (BUFFERS) control changes in pH by taking up or releasing H+ into the solution and control pH within a range called the (BUFFER) range.
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A buffer that functions in the _____ ____ is an acid-base pair consisting of carbonic acid and bicarbonate. This buffering process involves a series of 2 reversible reactions, 1 which generates hydrogen ions that reduces the pH and the reverse reaction that takes up hydrogen ions from solutions that increases pH.
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A buffer that functions in the (HUMAN BODY) is an acid-base pair consisting of carbonic acid and bicarbonate. This buffering process involves a series of 2 reversible reactions, 1 which generates hydrogen ions that reduces the pH and the reverse reaction that takes up hydrogen ions from solutions that increases pH.
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This carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffering system works in the _____ to regulate blood pH.
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This carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffering system works in the (BLOOD) to regulate blood pH.
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Everything is made up of _____ and of those _____ all of which are on the periodic table.
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Everything is made up of (ATOMS) and of those (ATOMS) all of which are on the periodic table.
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Atomic Structure – each atom on the planet is made up of:
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1 or more proton (proton = positive charge)
0 or more neutron (neutral = neutral charge) 0 or more electron (electron = negative charge) |
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The atomic number equals the number of _______ (in an atom of that element), in a neutral atom, the atomic number also equals the number of _________. The number of _______ never changes.
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The atomic number equals the number of (PROTONS) (in an atom of that element), in a neutral atom, the atomic number also equals the number of (ELECTRONS). The number of (PROTONS) never changes.
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Name the symbol and atomic number for Hydrogen.
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Symbol: H, Atomic Number: 1
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Name the symbol and atomic number for Helium.
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Symbol: He, Atomic Number: 2
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Name the symbol and atomic number for Carbon.
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Symbol: C, Atomic Number: 6
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Name the symbol and atomic number for Nitrogen.
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Symbol: N, Atomic Number: 7
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Name the symbol and atomic number for Oxygen.
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Symbol: O, Atomic Number: 8
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Name the symbol and atomic number for Neon.
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Symbol: Ne, Atomic Number: 10
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An atom of H, C, N, or O will react until it has access to either 2 (H) or 10 (C, N, or O) _________ (2 and 10 are set numbers, they won’t change).
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An atom of H, C, N, or O will react until it has access to either 2 (H) or 10 (C, N, or O) (ELECTRONS) (2 and 10 are set numbers, they won’t change).
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A ________ is anything made up of 2 or more atoms…
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A (MOLECULE) is anything made up of 2 or more atoms…
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1. What is the atomic number of helium?
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2
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2. What is the atomic symbol for neon?
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Ne
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3. How many protons are there in a neutral atom of carbon?
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6
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4. How many electrons are there in a neutral atom of nitrogen?
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7
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5. An atom of carbon, nitrogen, or oxygen will react until it has access to __ _________.
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10 electrons
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A weak attraction between 2 oppositely charged (think magnets – opposites attract) portions of neighboring molecules.
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Hydrogen Bond
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A strong attraction between 2 atoms involving the unequal sharing of electrons.
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Polar Covalent Bond
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*When you put ________ and ______ together they do NOT share equally (thus are polar).
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*When you put (HYDROGEN) and (OXYGEN) together they do NOT share equally (thus are polar).
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A strong attraction between 2 atoms involving the equal sharing of electrons.
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Non-Polar Covalent Bond
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*Why does sugar/salt/anything that dissolves, dissolve in water?
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It has some kind of charge.
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An ___ is a charged atom (negative or positive). (H+ - hydrogen ___)
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An (ION) is a charged atom (negative or positive). (H+ - hydrogen [ION])
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Each “-“ represents one ____ of shared electrons (one electron from each atom).
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Each “-“ represents one (PAIR) of shared electrons (one electron from each atom).
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DNA, the carrier of an organism’s genes, is one of several kinds of very large _________ found in all organisms.
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DNA, the carrier of an organism’s genes, is one of several kinds of very large (MOLECULES) found in all organisms.
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A molecule is a collection of tiny _____ linked together.
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A molecule is a collection of tiny (ATOMS) linked together.
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Atoms are the basic chemical elements. Only a few are found in any significant numbers in living things. An essential atom for life is ______, which can assemble into DNA and other very large molecules. Interacting with water, these long ______ chains twist about each other, or fold up into compact masses.
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Atoms are the basic chemical elements. Only a few are found in any significant numbers in living things. An essential atom for life is (CARBON), which can assemble into DNA and other very large molecules. Interacting with water, these long (CARBON) chains twist about each other, or fold up into compact masses.
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Much of the chemistry that goes on in organisms, determining what each individual is like, depends on the actions of large folded molecules called ________. By promoting particular chemical reactions, ________ trigger the production of structural materials like carbohydrates and energy storage molecules like lipids. Because DNA encodes the information needed to assemble each _______ present in an organism, it is the library of life.
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Much of the chemistry that goes on in organisms, determining what each individual is like, depends on the actions of large folded molecules called (PROTEINS). By promoting particular chemical reactions, (PROTEINS) trigger the production of structural materials like carbohydrates and energy storage molecules like lipids. Because DNA encodes the information needed to assemble each (PROTEIN) present in an organism, it is the library of life.
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Complex macromolecules called ________ are a major group of biological macromolecules within the bodies of organisms.
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Complex macromolecules called (PROTEINS) are a major group of biological macromolecules within the bodies of organisms.
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Perhaps the most important proteins are _______, which have the key role in cells of lowering the energy required to initiate particular chemical reactions.
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Perhaps the most important proteins are (ENZYMES), which have the key role in cells of lowering the energy required to initiate particular chemical reactions.
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Other proteins play structural roles. Cartilage, bones, and tendons all contain a structural protein called ________. Karatin, another structural protein, forms hair, the horns of a rhinoceros, and feathers. Still other proteins act as chemical messengers within the brain and throughout the body.
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Other proteins play structural roles. Cartilage, bones, and tendons all contain a structural protein called (COLLAGEN). Karatin, another structural protein, forms hair, the horns of a rhinoceros, and feathers. Still other proteins act as chemical messengers within the brain and throughout the body.
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Despite their diverse functions, all ________ have the same basic structure: a long polymer chain made of subunits called amino acids.
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Despite their diverse functions, all (PROTEINS) have the same basic structure: a long polymer chain made of subunits called amino acids.
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_____ _____ are small molecules with a simple basic structure: a central carbon atom to which an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom, and a functional group, designated “R,” are bonded.
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(AMINO ACIDS) are small molecules with a simple basic structure: a central carbon atom to which an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom, and a functional group, designated “R,” are bonded.
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There are __ common kinds of amino acids that differ from one another by the identity of their functional R group. The __ amino acids are classified into ____ general groups with representative amino acids.
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There are (20) common kinds of amino acids that differ from one another by the identity of their functional R group. The (20) amino acids are classified into (FOUR) general groups with representative amino acids.
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Six of the amino acids are nonpolar, differing chiefly in size – the most bulky contain ring structures, and amino acids containing them are called ________.
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Six of the amino acids are nonpolar, differing chiefly in size – the most bulky contain ring structures, and amino acids containing them are called (AROMATIC).
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Another six (amino acids) are polar but _________, and these differ from one another in the strength of their polarity.
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Another six (amino acids) are polar but (UNCHARGED), and these differ from one another in the strength of their polarity.
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Five more (amino acids) are polar and are capable of ________ to a charged form.
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Five more (amino acids) are polar and are capable of (IONIZING) to a charged form.
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The remaining three (amino acids) possess special ________ groups that are important in forming links between protein chains or in forming kinks in their shapes. The polarity of the R groups is important to the proper folding of the protein into its functional shape.
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The remaining three (amino acids) possess special (CHEMICAL) groups that are important in forming links between protein chains or in forming kinks in their shapes. The polarity of the R groups is important to the proper folding of the protein into its functional shape.
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An individual protein is made by linking specific _____ _____ together in a particular order, just as a word is made by linking specific letters of the alphabet together in a particular order.
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An individual protein is made by linking specific (AMINO ACIDS) together in a particular order, just as a word is made by linking specific letters of the alphabet together in a particular order.
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The _____ of a protein is very important because it determines the protein’s function.
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The (SHAPE) of a protein is very important because it determines the protein’s function.
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The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide determines the protein’s structure. There are four general levels of protein structure: _______, _________, ________, and __________; all are ultimately determined by the sequence of amino acids.
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The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide determines the protein’s structure. There are four general levels of protein structure: (PRIMARY), (SECONDARY), (TERTIARY), and (QUATERNARY); all are ultimately determined by the sequence of amino acids.
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The sequence of amino acids of a polypeptide chain is termed the polypeptide’s _______ _________. The amino acids are linked together by peptide bonds, forming long chains like the “beaded strand.” The _______ _________ of a protein, the sequence of its amino acids, determines all other levels of protein structure.
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Primary Structure
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Because some of the amino acids are nonpolar and others are polar, a polypeptide chain folds up in solution as the nonpolar regions are forced together. To understand this, recall the polar properties of water. Water is a polar molecule that is attracted to and forms hydrogen bonds with other polar molecules but repels nonpolar molecules. This polar attraction and repulsion will push nonpolar amino acid functional groups away from the water environment, leaving the polar amino acid functional groups to interact with water molecules and each other. Hydrogen bonds forming between different parts of the chain then stabilize the folding of the polypeptide. These stabilizing hydrogen bonds, do not involve the R groups themselves, but rather the polypeptide backbone. This initial folding is called the _________ _________ of a protein. Hydrogen bonding within this _________ _________ can fold the polypeptide into coils, called (weird “a” symbol-helices), and sheets, called (weird “b” symbol-pleated sheets.
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Secondary Structure
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The final three-dimensional shape, or ________ _________, of the protein, folded and twisted in the case of a globular molecule, is determined by exactly where in a polypeptide chain the nonpolar amino acids occur. Again, the repulsion of the nonpolar amino acids by water will force these amino acids toward the interior of the globular protein, leaving the polar amino acids exposed to the outside.
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Tertiary Structure
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When a protein is composed of more than one polypeptide chain, the spatial arrangement of the several component chains is called the __________ _________ of the protein.
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Quaternary Structure
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The structure of a protein determines its function and because the primary structure of a protein, its ________ of amino acids, determines how the protein folds into its functional shape, a change in the identity of even one amino acid can have profound effects on its ability to function properly.
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The structure of a protein determines its function and because the primary structure of a protein, its (SEQUENCE) of amino acids, determines how the protein folds into its functional shape, a change in the identity of even one amino acid can have profound effects on its ability to function properly.
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Enzymes are globular ________ that have three-dimensional shapes. For enzymes to function properly, they need to fold correctly.
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Enzymes are globular (PROTEINS) that have three-dimensional shapes. For enzymes to function properly, they need to fold correctly.
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_______ have grooves or depressions that precisely fit a particular sugar or other chemical; once in the groove, the chemical is encouraged to undergo a reaction – often, one of its chemical bonds is stressed as the chemical is bent by the ______, like a foot in a flexing shoe. This process of enhancing chemical reactions is called catalysis, and proteins are the catalytic agents of cells, determining what chemical processes take place and where and when.
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(ENZYMES) have grooves or depressions that precisely fit a particular sugar or other chemical; once in the groove, the chemical is encouraged to undergo a reaction – often, one of its chemical bonds is stressed as the chemical is bent by the (ENZYME), like a foot in a flexing shoe. This process of enhancing chemical reactions is called catalysis, and proteins are the catalytic agents of cells, determining what chemical processes take place and where and when.
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Cells contain a network of _______ cables that maintain the shape of the cell and function in transporting materials throughout the cell.
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Cells contain a network of (PROTEIN) cables that maintain the shape of the cell and function in transporting materials throughout the cell.
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___________ proteins function in muscle contraction, which is the shortening of a muscle. A muscle shortens when two proteins that are anchored on opposite ends of a muscle fiber slide past each other, bringing the ends of the fiber closer together.
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(CONTRACTILE) proteins function in muscle contraction, which is the shortening of a muscle. A muscle shortens when two proteins that are anchored on opposite ends of a muscle fiber slide past each other, bringing the ends of the fiber closer together.
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Proteins are made up of _____ _____. The number and sequence of _____ _____ in a protein must be exact in order for the protein to function properly.
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Proteins are made up of (AMINO ACIDS). The number and sequence of (AMINO ACIDS) in a protein must be exact in order for the protein to function properly.
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|
What is the atomic number for neon?
|
10
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|
What is the atomic symbol for helium?
|
He
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How many protons are there in a neutral atom of oxygen?
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8
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How many electrons are there in a neutral atom of carbon?
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6
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An atom of nitrogen will react until it has access to __ _________.
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10 Electrons
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List the 6 kingdoms we discussed in ch. 1.
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Bacteria, Archaea, Protista, Fungi, Animalia, and Plantae
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List the 5 properties shared by all living things.
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growth/reproduction, metabolism, heredity, cellular organization, homeostasis
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The basic unit of life.
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Cell
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A group of cells working together to perform a function.
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Tissue
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All living organisms in a given area OR all population in a given area.
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Community
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A charged atom.
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Ion
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List classification for humans, including taxa and name for each. Taxa (name)
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Domain (Eukaria)
Kingdom (Animalia) Phylum (Cordata) Class (Mamalia) Order (Primates) Family (Hominidae) Genus and Species (Homo sapiens) |
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A hydrogen bond is a/an _ ____ __________ _______ __________ _______ ________ __ ___________ _________.
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A weak attraction between oppositely charged portions of neighboring molecules.
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A protein is made up of a specific number and sequence of _____ _____.
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Amino acids
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Glucose is transported within some organisms as a disaccharide. In this form, it is less readily metabolized because the normal glucose-utilizing enzymes of the organism cannot break the bond linking the two monosaccharide subunits. One type of disaccharide is called _______. Many mammals supply energy to their young in the form of _______, which is found in milk.
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Lactose
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Organisms store energy in long chains of glucose molecules called polysaccharides. The chains tend to coil up in water, making them insoluble and ideal for storage. The storage polysaccharides found in plants are called ________, which can be branched or unbranched. ______ is found in potatoes and in grains, such as corn and wheat.
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Starch
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In animals, glucose is stored as ________. ________ is similar to starch in that it consists of long chains of glucose that coil up in water and are insoluble. But ________ chains are much longer and highly branched. ________ can be stored in muscles and the liver.
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Glycogen
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_________ is a structural polysaccharide found in the cell walls of plants; its glucose subunits are joined in a way that cannot be broken down readily. Cleavage of the links between the glucose subunits in _________ requires an enzyme most organisms lack. Some animals, such as cows, are able to digest _________ by means of bacteria and protists they harbor in their digestive tract, which provide the necessary enzymes.
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Cellulose
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______ is a type of structural polysaccharide found in the external skeletons of many invertebrates, including insects and crustaceans, and in the cell walls of fungi. ______ is a modified form of cellulose with a nitrogen group added to the glucose units. When cross-linked by proteins, it forms a tough, resistant surface material.
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Chitin
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Carbs = _ calories per gram
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Carbs = (4) calories per gram
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Protein = _ calories per gram
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Protein = (4) calories per gram
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Fat = _ calories per gram
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Fat = (9) calories per gram
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With the carb Monosaccharides, what is its nickname ? Name some examples.
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Nickname: Single (Mono) Sugars, Examples: Glucose, Fructose, Galactose
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With the carb Disaccharides, what is its nickname? Name some examples.
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Nickname: Double (Di) Sugars, Examples: Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose, Sucralose
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With the carb Polysaccharides, what is its nickname? Name some exaples.
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Nickname: Complex Carbs, Examples: Starch, Chitin, Cellulose, Glycogen
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