Falacies

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non sequitur

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"it does not follow"

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begging the question

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Often called circular reasoning, __ occurs when the believability of the evidence depends on the believability of the claim.

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either-or fallacy

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Arguing that a complex situation can be simply explained in one of two ways

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hasty generalizations

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drawing conclusions based on insufficient or unrepresentative evidence

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false analogy

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the assumption that because two things are alike in some ways they must be alike in other ways

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special pleading

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a fallacy of logical argument in which the writer suppresses evidence that contradicts the conclusion in an inductive argumentSee full text (press T)

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ad hominem

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In an argument, this is an attack on the person rather than on the opponent's ideas. It comes from the Latin meaning "against the man."

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bandwagon

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The argument that everyone is doing it so you should too

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appeal to tradition

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the fallacy of assuming or arguing that something is good or desirable simply because it is old or traditional

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appeal to pity

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This type of fallacy uses the audiences's sympathy, concern, or guilt in order to overwhelm their sense of logic

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post hoc, ergo propter hoc

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Assuming that an incident that precedes another is the cause of the second incident

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red herring

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Something that draws attention away from the main issue

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anaphora

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repetition of a word or phrase as the beginning of successive clauses

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contrapuntal turnaround

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using two words as a noun and a verb

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pulse

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pace of speech delivery

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peroration

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conclusion of an oration

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Ethos

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the ethical appeal, means to convince an audience of the author’s credibility or character.

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Pathos

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the emotional appeal, means to persuade an audience by appealing to their emotions.

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Logos

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the appeal to logic, means to convince an audience by use of logic or reason.

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Casual reasoning

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Reasoning that seeks to establish the relationship between causes and effects.

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Analogical reasoning

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Reasoning in which a speaker compares two similar cases and infers that what is true for the first case is also true for the second.

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Reasoning from principle

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Reasoning that moves from a general principle to a specific conclusion.

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Reasoning from specific instances

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Reasoning that moves from particular facts to a general conclusion.

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Terminal credibility

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The credibility of a speaker at the end of the speech.

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Derived credibility

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The credibility of a speaker produced by everything she or he says and does during the speech.

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Initial credibility

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The credibility of a speaker before she or he starts to speak.

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5 Steps of Monroe's motivated sequence

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-Attention
-Need
-Satisfaction
-Visualization
-Action

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Slippery slope

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A fallacy that assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented.

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Volume

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is a perception of energy used in voice production. A phoneme is the basic unit of speech construction

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Pitch

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the relative highness or lowness of a tone as perceived by the ear, which depends on the number of vibrations per second produced by the vocal cords

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Rate

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the speed of speaking in words per minute from slow to fast, with normal rate averaging about 125 words per minute

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Pauses

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Most speakers fill the gaps in their speech by fumbling along with meaningless filler words and phrases instead of using a simple pause

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Vocal Variety

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achieved through varying your voice pitch, tone, volume and speaking rate.

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Pronunciation

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the way a word or a language is spoken, or the manner in which someone utters a word. If one is said to have "correct pronunciation", then it refers to both within a particular dialect.

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Articulation

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the action of putting into words an idea or feeling of a specified type

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Dialect

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A regional or social variety of a language distinguished by pronunciation, grammar, or vocabulary, especially a variety differing from the standard literary language or speech pattern of the culture in which it exists