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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the relative blood hormone levels during the proliferative (follicular) phase?
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- FSH, LH, and Progesterone remain relatively low and steady
- Estrogen begins increasing half way (~day 7) until it peaks at day 14 - Peak of estrogen → LH surge and FSH increases |
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What are the relative blood hormone levels during the secretory (luteal) phase?
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- LH and FSH drops down after peak and remain relatively low throughout
- Estrogen drops but remains elevated, until declining during menstruation - Progesterone increases to maintain fertility viability - Towards end of luteal phase Progesterone drops off, causing menstruation |
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What happens to your oocytes during fetal life?
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1° oocytes begin meiosis 1 and are arrested in prophase I
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When do your oocytes complete meiosis 1?
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- 1° oocytes that are arrested in prophase I, complete meiosis 1 just prior to ovulation
- Meiosis 2 is arrested in metaphase II |
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When do your oocytes complete meiosis 2?
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Meiosis 2 continues from where it was arrested in metaphase II until completion during fertilization (2° oocytes)
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How long does fertilization have to occur once the 2° oocyte is ovulated?
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Fertilization must occur within 1 day or the oocyte will degenerate
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In what stages are oocytes arrested? Until when?
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- Meiosis I is arrested in Prophase I (until ovulation)
- Meiosis II is arrested in Metaphase II (until fertilization) |
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What is the type and amount of genetic material in an oogonium?
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2N, 2C (diploid)
- 46 single chromosomes (2N) |
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What is the type and amount of genetic material in a 1° oocyte?
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2N, 4C (diploid)
- 46 sister chromatids (2N) |
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What is the type and amount of genetic material in an 2° oocyte (after ovulation)?
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1N, 2C (haploid)
- 23 sister chromatids (2N) *The other half (from meiosis I) becomes a polar body and degenerates or gives rise to 2 polar bodies |
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What is the type and amount of genetic material in an ovum (after fertilization)?
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1N, 1C (haploid)
- 23 single chromatids (1N) *The other half (from meiosis II) becomes a polar body and degenerates |
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How many polar bodies are made from a single oogonium?
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3 polar bodies
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What stimulates ovulation?
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- ↑ Estrogen surge → LH release → ovulation
- ↑ GnRH receptors on anterior pituitary |
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What happens during ovulation?
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Rupture of follicle
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How the temperature change during the menstrual cycle? Cause?
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Temperature increases during ovulation (due to progesterone)
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What is transient mid-cycle ovulatory pain called? What is it associated with?
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Mittelschmerz
- Associated with peritoneal irritation (eg, follicular swellin/rupture, fallopian tube contraction) - Can mimic appendicitis |
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What is Mittelschmerz?
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*Transient mid-cycle ovulatory pain
- Associated with peritoneal irritation (eg, follicular swellin/rupture, fallopian tube contraction) - Can mimic appendicitis |
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What is the most common location for fertilization?
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Commonly in the upper end of the fallopian tube (ampulla)
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How soon after ovulation must fertilization occur?
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Must occur within 1 day of ovulation
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When does implantation of the fertilized egg occur?
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Implantation within the wall of the uterus occurs 6 days after fertilization
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What hormone is used for a pregnancy test? When does it become elevated? Source?
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hCG, secreted from Syncytiotrophoblasts, is used for pregnancy tests
- Detectable in blood 1 week after conception - Detectable in urine on home test 2 weeks after conception |
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What happens to the levels of hCG during pregnancy?
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- Peaks at about 10 weeks
- Dips until 20 weeks - Smaller peak again at 30 weeks - Drops until 40 weeks |
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What happens to the levels of Prolactin during pregnancy?
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Slowly increases throughout pregnancy, highest at 40 weeks
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What happens to the levels of Proesterone during pregnancy?
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Increases throughout entire pregnancy
- Faster increases during first 10 weeks and during weeks 30-40 - Plateaus a bit from weeks 10-30 |
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What happens to the levels of Estriol during pregnancy?
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Begins increases at around 8 weeks and steadily increases until 40 weeks; dips at birth
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What prevents lactation during pregnancy, despite elevated prolactin levels?
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Progesterone and estrogen inhibit lactation
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What allows lactation after labor?
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- ↓ in Progesterone and Estrogen disinhibit lactation
- Suckling is required to maintain milk production, since ↑ nerve stimulation → ↑ oxytocin and prolactin |
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What is the function of prolactin?
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Induces and maintains lactation and ↓ reproductive function
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What is the function of oxytocin?
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- Assists in milk letdown
- Also promotes uterine contractions |
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When is breast milk the ideal nutrition for infants?
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Until they are 6 months old
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What are the beneficial contents of breastmilk?
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- Contains maternal immunoglobulins (confers passive immunity, mostly IgA)
- Macrophages - Lymphocytes |
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What are the benefits of breastmilk to the infant?
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- Reduces infant infections
- Associated with ↓ risk for child to develop asthma, allergies, diabetes mellitus, and obesity |
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What is required of infants who are exclusively breastfed?
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Require vitamin D supplementation
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What kind of immunoglobulins are passed in breastmilk?
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Primarily IgA
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What are the benefits of breastmilk to the mother?
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- Decreases maternal risk of breast and ovarian cancer
- Facilitates mother-child bonding |
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What is the source of hCG?
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Syncytiotrophoblasts of placenta
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What are the functions of hCG?
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- Maintains corpus luteum in 1st trimester
- Used to detect pregnancy |
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When is hCG elevated?
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- During pregnancy and multiple gestations
- During pathologic states: hydatidiform mole, choriocarcinoma |
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How does hCG maintain the corpus luteum?
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During first trimester hCG maintains the corpus luteum by acting like LH (otherwise no luteal cell stimulation, and abortion results)
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When does the corpus luteum degenerate during a pregnancy? Why?
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- In the 2nd and 3rd trimesters, placenta synthesizes its own estriol and progesterone
- Previously hCG was maintaining corpus lutuem and thus progesterone |
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What are the subunits of hCG? Significance?
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- α subunit: structurally identical to those in LH, FSH, and TSH
- β subunit: unique to hCG and used to detect pregnancy |
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What causes menopause?
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↓ Estrogen production due to age-linked decline in number of ovarian follicles
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What is the average age of menopause in normal women? In smokers?
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- Average age: 51 years
- In smokers: earlier |
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What usually precedes menopause?
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4-5 years of abnormal menstrual cycles
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What is the source of estrogen (estrone) after menopause?
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- Peripheral conversion of androgens to estrogen
- ↑ Androgens → hirsutism |
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What lab value is specific for menopause?
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↑↑ FSH (loss of negative feedback on FSH due to ↓ estrogen)
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What are the hormonal changes in menopause?
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- ↓ Estrogen
- ↑↑ FSH - ↑ LH (no surge) - ↑ GnRH |
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What are the side effects of menopause?
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Menopause causes HAVOCS:
- Hot flashes - Atrophy of Vagina - Osteoporosis - Coronary artery disease - Sleep disturbances |
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What does menopause before age 40 suggest?
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Can indicate premature ovarian failure
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When does spermatogenesis begin? What is the first type of "sperm"?
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Puberty - spermatogenesis begins with spermatogonia
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How long does full development of sperm take? Where does it take place?
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2 months - takes place in seminiferous tubules
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What is the product of spermatogenesis?
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Spermatids that undergo spermiogenesis
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What happens in spermiogenesis?
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Spermatids lose cytoplasmic contents and gain an acrosomal cap to form mature spermatozoon
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What is the type and amount of genetic material in a spermatogonium?
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2N, 2C (diploid)
- 46 single chromosomes (X and Y) |
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What is the type and amount of genetic material in a 1° spermatocyte?
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2N, 4C (diploid)
- 46 sister chromatids (X-X and Y-Y) |
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What happens to a 1° spermatocyte after meiosis 1?
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Forms 2 x 2° Spermatocytes:
- 1N, 2C (haploid) - Each contains 23 sister chromatids (X-X or Y-Y) |
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What happens to a 2° spermatocyte after meiosis 2?
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Forms 4 x Spermatids
- 1N, 1C (haploid) - Each contains 23 single chromatids (2 X and 2 Y) |
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What happens to a spermatid after being formed by meiosis II?
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Spermiogenesis to form mature spermatozoon (haploid: 1N, 1C)
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What syndrome causes impaired tail mobility of a spermatozoon? Consequences?
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Ciliary Diskinesia / Kartagener Syndrome → infertility
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What are the types of androgens?
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- Testosterone
- Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) - Androstenedione |
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What are the sources of the androgen?
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- Testis: DHT and Testosterone
- Adrenal: Androstenedione |
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What is the relative potency of the androgens?
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DHT > Testosterone > Androstenedione
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What are the functions of testosterone?
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- Differentiation of epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles (genitalia, except prostate)
- Growth spurt: penis, seminal vesicles, sperm, muscle, RBCs - Deepening of voice - Closing of epiphyseal plates (via estrogen converted from testosterone) - Libido |
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What structures differentiate via the action of testosterone?
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- Epididymis
- Vas deferens - Seminal vesicles |
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What structures have a growth spurt because of testosterone?
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- Penis
- Seminal vesicles - Sperm - Muscle - RBCs |
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What are the functions of Dihydrotestosterone (DHT)?
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- Early: differentiation of penis, scrotum, prostate
- Late: prostate growth, balding, sebaceous gland activity |
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What structures differentiate via the action of dihydrotestosterone (DHT)?
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- Penis
- Scrotum - Prostate |
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What are the late effects of DHT?
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- Prostate growth
- Balding - Sebaceous gland activity |
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What is the function of 5α-reductase?
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Convert Testosterone to DHT
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What drug inhibits 5α-reductase? Action?
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Finasteride (prevents conversion of T → DHT)
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What is the function of cytochrome P-450 aromatase?
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Converts androgens to estrogen (primarily in adipose tissue and testis)
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What are the effects of exogenous testosterone?
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- Inhibits hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis
- ↓ Intratesticular testosterone → - ↓ Testicular size → - Azoospermia (absence of motile (and hence viable) sperm in the semen) |
