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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 4 usual defense mechanisms for the eyes?
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1. Constant bath
2. Lysozomal, sIgA secretions 3. Eyelashes 4. 7 epithelial layers make bacterial penetration hard. |
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What 4 eye infections mostly present with eye specimens?
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1. Conjunctivitis
2. Keratitis 3. Endophalmitis 4. Periocular infections |
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What is conjunctivitis, and what symptoms associate with it?
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Inflammed conjunctiva; redness, itching, discharge.
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What is Keratitis, and what symptoms are associated w/ it?
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Corneal inflammation; usually from trauma, pain and impaired vision.
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What is endophalmitis?
What 2 things usually cause it? What symptom accompanies it? |
-Any intraocular inflammation.
-Trauma and systemic infection. -Pain when moving eyes. |
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What type of specimen usually comes with an eye infection?
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Endophalmitis: ASPIRATE
Any other: swab |
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How do you process an eye specimen?
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Inoculate BA and CA
For endophthalmitis, also inoculate anaerobic and thio broth; and do direct smear. |
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What are normal flora in the eyes?
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Very small numbers of
-Coag neg staphs -Lactobacillus -Diphtheroids |
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What usually causes Conjunctivitis?
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-Haemophilus aegyptius/influenz.
-Strep pneumo -Staph aureus -Nonferm GNB -N. gonorrhoeae -C. trachomatis -Viruses |
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What usually causes keratitis?
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-S. aureus
-S. pneumo -Moraxella -Ps. aeruginosa |
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What pathogen usually causes periocular infections?
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Staph aureus.
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What mostly causes endophthalmitis?
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S. aureus
Pseudomonas Post op: staph epi/aureus, gnb, Streps. |
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What are the usual defense mechanisms of the ears?
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1. Skin and anatomy
2. Respiratory epithelium |
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What is Otitis externa?
Who usually gets it, and what symptoms are seen? |
An external ear infection up to the eardrum.
-Mostly in kids, pain and may have a discharge. |
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What is Otitis media?
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An middle ear infection - in the Eustachian tube.
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Why do kids often get otitis media?
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Because they have small eustachian tubes.
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What is the course of infection in otitis media?
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1. Small Eustachian tube.
2. Gets blocked by lymphoid tissue during upper resp infctn. 3. Negative pressure created, allows bacteria to enter. 4. WBC infiltration causes fluid pressure on eardrum. |
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What symptoms accompany otitis media?
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-Fever
-Pain |
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What specimens are recieved from
-Otitis externa -Otitis media |
Externa: swab
Media: aspirate |
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What plate media should be inoculated for both?
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BA, CA, and possibly fungal if requested.
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What are normal flora in the outer ears?
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-Staph
-Strep PNEUMOS -Lactobacillus -Diphtheroids -enterobacteriaceae |
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What are external ear pathogens?
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-Strep group A
-Pseudomonas -Staph aureus -Molds (aspergillus niger) |
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What are 3 classical causes of otitis media?
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-Strep pneumonia
-Moraxella catarrhalis -Haemophilus influenzae |
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What are the normal defense mechanisms of the nose?
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-sIgA, lysozyme
-Nares |
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What infection usually presents with a nose specimen?
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Sinusitis
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What usually causes the sinusitis?
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Secondary to a cold, or viral upper resp infection.
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How do colds/viruses cause sinusitis infections?
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-Close off the sinus openings
-Normal flora infect sinuses. |
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What symptoms present with sinusitis?
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Headache, facial pain, drainage down the pharynx.
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What should be inoculated for a nose specimen?
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Swab: BA, CA, CNA, maybe LEMB.
Sinus aspirate: also anaerobic media. |
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Would you do a direct smear of a nose specien?
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Swab - no; lots of normal flora.
Aspirate - yes; sinuses should be sterile. |
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What are normal flora AND possible pathogens in the nose specimen?
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-Staphylococci
-Strep pneumoniae -Haemophilus influenzae -Anaerobes |
