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90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is part of the effeerent division fo the PNS?
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ANS
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What is the ANS activated by?
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visceral sensory neurons
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What is the ANS composed entirely of?
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visceral motor neurons
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What does the ANS regulate (4)
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cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, blood vessels, glands
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How does the ANS function normally?
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involuntarily below the level of consciousness
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The ANS is composed of at least how many neurons?
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2
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What are the two neurons that the ANS is composed of?
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preganglionic and postganglionic
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Which neuron of the ANS is presynaptic?q
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preganglionic
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Which neuron of the ANS is myelinated?
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preganglionic
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Which neuron of the ANS is postsynaptic?
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postganglionic
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Which neuron of the ANS is unmyelinated?
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Postganglionic
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Which neuron of the ANS has it's cell bodies in the CNS?
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preganglionic
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What are the preganglionic cell bodies?
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in the PNS
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Where do the preganglionic neurons end?
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in autonomic region
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Where do postganglionic neurons synapse?
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with preganglionic neurons and travel to various effectors
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What is neural convergence?
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when axons dfrom numerous pre-ganglionic cells synapse on a single ganglionic cell
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What is neuronal diverengence?
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axons from one pre-ganglionic cell synapse on numerous ganglionic cells
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What is it called when acons from numerous pre-ganglionic cells synapse on a single ganglion cell
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neural convergence
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What is it called when axons from one pre-ganglionic cell synapse on numerous ganglionic cells?
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neuronal divergence
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Whic type of fibers use ach?
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Cholinergic
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Which type of fiberes use norepinephrine?
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adrenergic
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What type of neurotransmitter do cholinergic fibers use?
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Ach
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What type of neurotransmitter do adrenergic fibers use?
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nore
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Which type of effectors can ANS generate?
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either excitation or inhibition effectors
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Which division of the ANS is more complex?
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sympathetic
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Where are the prganglionic cell bodies in sympathetic division fo ANS?
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in the lateral hhorns of gray mater of the spinal cord from T1 to L2.
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Which is another name for the sympathetic division?
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thoracolumber division
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Which division of the ANS has axons that leave the spinal cord through the ventral roots and enter ventral rami?
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sympathetic
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How does the sympathetic division's axons travel?
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leave the psinal cord through the ventral roots and enter ventral rami
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After travellign a short way in the ventral rami, what all leaves the rami and enters one of the chain ganglia?
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all preganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers.
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Wha thappens once a preganglion sympathetic nerve fiber leaves the rami?
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enters onf ot he chain galnglia
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What is another name for chain ganglia
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paravertebral ganglia
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What is a collection of neurons' cell bodies outside the CNS?
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ganglion
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What is a ganglion?
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A collection of neurons' cell bodies outside the CNS
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What connects the spinal nerves to each sympathetic trunk?
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Rami communicantez
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What does the rami communicantz do?
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connects the spinal nerves to each sympathetic trinl
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What do white rami communicantez do?
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carry preganglionic axons from the T1-L2 spinal tnerves to sympathetic trunk
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If a thing is white, it is
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myelinated
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What carries preganglionic axons from the T1-L2 spinal nerves to sympathetic trunk?
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white rami
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What does the gray matter do?
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carries postganglionic axons from teh chain ganglia to spnial nerve
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What carries postganglionic axons from the chain ganglia to spinal nerve?
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gray matter
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gray matter is ____
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unmyelinated
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What connects to ALL the psinal nerves?
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gray matter
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Upon entering the chain glanglia, how many directions can be taken to synapse with postganglionic neurons?
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four
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Where can a neuron synapse after entering the chain ganglia?
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synapse at smae level, fo up or down.
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What do most p reganglionic nenurons do before supplying visceral effectors?
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rejoin spinal nerve
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Where do most preganglionc neurons go after they enter chain ganglia
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go up ro down chain ganglion
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Does the neuron have to synapse?
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no
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Which type of neuron passes through chain ganglia without synapseing?
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preganglionic neurons betlow the diaphragm call splanchnic nerves
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What are splanchic nerves
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Preganglionic neurons below the diaphragm
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Where do splanchnic nerves synapse in?
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the collateral (prevertebral ganglia)
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What supplies the viscera of the abdominopelvic category?
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Splanchic nerves
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What does the sympathetic NS do to prepare a person for strenuous physical exertion?
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increases HR, dilation of bronchi of the long, increases capcity of muscle to perform, fight or flight
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In the sympathetic NS, the postganglionic neurons are -___> what is the exception? what is teh exception to the exception?
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adrenergic (NE), those serving as sweat glands(ACH), palms of hand and soles of feet
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in the parasympathetic division, the preganglionic neurons are located wher?
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in the nuceli of cranial nerves
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Whic hcranial nerves are the preganglionic neurons (cell bodies) of the parasymp located in?
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oculomotor, facial, glosspharynm, vagus, grtayr matter of the lateral horans of the 2nd through 4gh sacral segmentals of teh spinal cord
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What is the parasympathetic division also called?
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the craniosacral division
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The cell bodies cranially located (parasymp) travel to viscera of
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head, thorax, abdoment
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which cranial nerves carries about 80% of all parasymp fiber?
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vagus nerve
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preganglion fibers of the parasymp are:
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long and myelinated
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the postganglionic fibers of the parasymp are
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short and unmyelinated
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What prevents the mass activation seen in sympathic division?
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Lack of extensive divergence.
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What rae the three functiosn of myelin sheaths?
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support, protect, and insulat
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Myelinated axons are also known as
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nodes fo rancis, saltatory conduction
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The large-diameter, myelinated axons go to
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the skeletal musclces of limbers
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In an ___ axon, the impulse travels entire length and is of continuous conduction (slower)
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unmmyelinted axon
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What type of axon is used to conduct pain and some cold stimuli?
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unmyelinated axons
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what is neuropraxia?
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compression to the nerve
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What is it called when there is compression to the nerve?
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neurpraxia
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How long can neurpraxia last?
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6-9 weeks.
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Neurpraxia involves the greater involvement of either motor or sensory function with autonomic still being maintained?
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motor
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Is there usually full recovery for neurpraxia?
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yes
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What is happening to the axon in neurpraxiqa?
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it is undamaged, the neural elements are intact
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What is axonotmesis?
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nerve axon damaged, nut SChwann cell tube and other neural connetive tissue (endoneural tube) is preserved
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What is it called with the nerve axon is damaged by it is still myelinated and has an endoneural tube
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axonotmesis
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What nerve injury may cause the paralysis of the motor, sensory, and autonomic system?
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axonotmesis
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What can axonotmesis cause?
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cause the paralysis of the motor, sensory, and autonomic system?
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When is axonotmesis normally seen?
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crish injuries or nerve stretch
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What is axonotmesis linked with?
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wallerian degeneration
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How long can axonotemsis last?
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weeks to years
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What is the first step of regeneration of peripheral nerves
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24-48 hours after, the Nissl bodies break up into find granualr masses (acxon reaction);
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WHat is the second step of regeneration of peropheral nerves?
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by 3-5 days, the acon distal to injury swells and breaks up into ffragment. The muyelin sheath deteriorts (wallerian degeneration)
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What is the third step of regeneration of peripheral nerves?
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schwann cells become active and form a new tube and myelin sheath as the axon grows.
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How fast does nerve regeneration take place?
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2-3 mm per day
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What is neurotmesis?
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nerve fibers are completely severed
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How can nerve regenerate in neurotmesis?
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usually needs skilled surgery
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How long can it take to recover from neurotmesis?
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approx. 2 years: partial recovery
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What happens in neurotmesis?
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neural tube is disrupted and most likely not appropriatly aligned.
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What is aberrant regeneration
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regenerating axons enter the wrong tubes
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What is it called when regenerating axons enter the wrong tubes?
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Aberrant generation
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