Exppsy Chapter 7: The Basics Of Experimentation

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Independent Variable

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It is the variable (antecedent condition) an experimenter intentionally manipulates.

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Levels

Back 2

These are the values of the IV created by the experimenter; an experimenter requires at least two of this.

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Confounded

Back 3

An experiment is __________ when the value of an extraneous variable systematically changes along with the independent variable.

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Dependent Variable

Back 4

It is the outcome measure the experimenter uses to assess the change in behavior produced by the independent variable.

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Operational Definition

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This specifies the exact meaning of a variable in an experiment by defining it in terms of observable operations, procedures, and measurements.

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Experimental Operational Definition

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It is a type of operational definition that specifies the exact procedure for creating values of the IV.

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Measured Operational Definition

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It is a type of operational definition that specifies the exact procedure for measuring the DV.

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Nominal Scale

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This assigns items to two or more distinct categories that can be named using a shared feature, but does not measure their magnitude.

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Ordinal Scale

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This measures the magnitude of the dependent variable using ranks, but does not assign precise values.

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Interval Scale

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This measures the magnitude of the dependent variable using equal intervals between values with no absolute zero point.

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Ratio Scale

Back 11

This measures the magnitude of the dependent variable using equal intervals between values and an absolute zero.

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Reliability

Back 12

This refers to the consistency of experimental operational definitions and measured operational definitions.

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Interrater Reliability

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It is the degree to which observers agree in their measurement of the behavior.

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Test-retest Reliability

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It refers to the degree to which a person's scores are consistent across two or more administrations of a measurement procedure.

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Interitem Reliability

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It measures the degree to which different parts of an instrument (questionnaire or test) that are designed to measure the same variable achieve consistent results.

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Validity

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It means the operational definition accurately manipulates the independent variable or measures the dependent variable.

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Face Validity

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It is the degree to which the validity of a manipulation or measurement technique is self-evident; the least stringent form of validity.

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Content Validity

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It refers to how accurately a measurement procedure samples the content of the dependent variable.

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Predictive Validity

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It refers to how accurately a measurement procedure predicts future performance.

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Construct Validity

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It refers to how accurately an operational definition represents a construct.

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Internal Validity

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It refers to the degree to which changes in the dependent variable across treatment conditions were due to the independent variable.

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Confounding

Back 22

This occurs when an extraneous variable systematically changes across the experimental conditions.

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History Threat

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It is a type of threat which occurs when an event outside the experiment threatens internal validity by changing the dependent variable.

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Maturation Threat

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It is a type of threat which is produced when physical or psychological changes in the subject threaten internal validity by changing the DV.

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Testing Threat

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It is a type of threat that occurs when prior exposure to a measurement procedure affects performance so on this measure during the experiment.

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Instrumentation Threat

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It refers to when changes in the measurement instrument or measuring procedure threatens internal validity.

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Statistical Regression Threat

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It is a type of threat that occurs when subjects are assigned to conditions on the basis of extreme scores, the measurement procedure is not completely reliable, and subjects are retested using the same procedure to measure change on the dependent variable.

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Selection Threat

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It is a type of threat that occurs when individual differences are not balanced across treatment conditions by the assignment procedure.

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Subject Mortality Threat

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It is a type of threat that occurs when subjects drop out of experimental conditions at different rates.

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Selection Interactions

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This occurs when a selection of threat combines with at least one other threat.

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Method Section of an APA Research Report

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This section describes the participants, apparatus or materials, and procedure of the experiment; provides the reader with sufficient detail to exactly replicate your study.

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Apparatus Section of APA Research Report

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This is appropriate when the equipment used in a study was unique or specialized or when we need to explain the capabilities of more common equipment so that the reader can better evaluate or replicate the experiment.

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Experimental

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Much of the research currently done in the field of psychology is ____________.

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Internal validity

Back 34

When an experiment is well-conducted, it is high in ________ ________.

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Experimental Hypothesis

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This expresses a potential relationship between two kinds of variables, the independent and the dependent variable.

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Measures

Outcomes

Results

Effects

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Dependent variables are also referred to as:

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Treatments

Manipulations

Interventions

Conditions

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Independent variables are also referred to as:

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Scientific viewpoint

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If we can specify the antecedents that lead to a particular behavior, we have explained that behavior from a __________ _________.

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Schachter

Back 39

Who conducted a classic experiment which involves the hypothesis that if people or anxious, then they will want to affiliate, or be, with others?

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Hess

Back 40

Who conducted a classic research which involves a hypothesis that large pupils make people more attractive?

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Level of Measurement

Back 41

It is the kind of scale used to measure a variable.

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Split-half reliability

Back 42

It is a method of assessing interim reliability which involves splitting the test into two halves at random and computing a coefficient of reliability between the scores obtained on the two halves.

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Cronbach's alpha

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It is a method of assessing interitem reliability which evaluates the internal consistency of the entire set of items using statistical tests; it is the most widely used method for evaluating interitem reliability.

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Manipulation check

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It refers to providing evidence for the validity of an experimental procedure.

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Concurrent Validity

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Like predictive validity, this compares scores on the measuring instrument with an outside criteria, but this is comparative rather than predictive.

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Conceptual definition

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It is a type of definition that is used in everyday language.

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Convergent Validity

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It is a type of validity where test results should also correlate highly with scores on other intelligence tests.

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Discriminant Validity

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For example, a valid intelligence test should not be strongly correlated with results on tests measuring socioeconomic status or self-esteem.

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Classic threats to internal validity

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These are potential sources of confounding