Expe_ 1 Experimental Psychology And The Scientific Method

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The word for science comes from the Latin world?

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Scientia which means knowledge

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The scientific technique used to collect and evaluate psychological data.

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Methodology

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Everyday non-scientific collection of psychological data used to understand the social world and guide our behavior.

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Commonsense Psychology

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Steps scientists take to gather and verify information, answer questions, explain relationships and communicate feelings.

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Scientific method

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The psychologist goal of prediction rests the assumption that behavior must follow a natural order, therefore it can be predicted.

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Scientific mentality

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Data that are observable or experienced.

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Gathering Empirical Data

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Modern scientist go beyond cataloging observation to proposing general principles -law or theories that will explain them

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Seeking General Principles

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General scientific principles that explain our universe and predict events.

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Laws

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Organized and rational thought, characterized by open-mindedness, objectivity, and parsimony; a principal tool of the scientific method.

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Good thinking

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An aspect of good thinking, stating that the simplest explanation is preferred until ruled out by conflicting evidence; also known as Occam's razor

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Parsimony

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Modern scientist accept the uncertainty of their own conclusions.

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Self-correction

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To challenge an existing explanation or theory by testing a hypothesis that follows logically from it and demonstrating that this hypothesis is false.

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Falsification

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Scientists meet frequently through professional and special interest groups and attend professional conferences to exchange information about their current work.

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Publicizing results

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The process of repeating research procedures to verify that the outcome will be the same as before, a principal tool of the scientific method

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Replication

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The systematic biting and recording of events; a principal tool of the scientific method

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Observation

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The scientific estimation of quantity, size or quality of an observation event, a principal tool of the scientific method

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Measurement

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The process undertaken to discover new or to demonstrate that events that have already occured will occur again under a specified set of conditions, a principal tool of the scientific method.

_____ Is not always possible. To do an experiment, our predictions must be testable.

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Experimentation

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Capable of being tested; typically used in reference to a hypothesis. Two requirements must be met in order to have a testable hypothesis; procedures for manipulating the setting must exist and the predicted outcome must be observable.

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Testable

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In a scientific context, explanation means specifying the antecedent conditions of an even or behavior.

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Identifying antecedent conditions

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All circumstances that occur or exist before the event or behavior to be explained; also called

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Antecedent conditions

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In psychology, it would be virtually impossible to identify all the antecedents that affect the behavior or research participants (also called subjects) at a particular time.

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Comparing treatment conditions

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The scientific term for an individual who participates in research. Thus, we create specific sets of antecedent conditions that we call treatments.

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Subject

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A specific set of antecedent conditions created by the experimenter and presented to subjects to test it's effect on behavior.

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Treatment

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Controlled procedure in which atleast two different treatment conditions are applied to subjects whose behaviors are then measured an compared to rest a hypothesis about the effects of the treatments on behaviour.

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The psychology experiment

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The greatest value of a psychology experiment is that, within the experiment we can understand a cause and effect relationship between the antecedent conditions and the subjects behaviors.

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Establishing cause and effect

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The relationship between a particular behavior and a set of antecedents that always precedes whereas other antecedents do not- so that the set is infected to cause the behavior.

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Cause and effect relationship

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The type of cause and effect relationship we establish through experiments is called______ we look at the differences in behavior after subjects are exposed to the treatment not before.

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Temporal relationship

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We need to distinguish between necessary and sufficient conditions.

Example: cutting down on fat intake maybe a sufficient condition to produce weight loss. But it is the necessary condition? No. We also could lose weight by increasing our activity level, so reducing fat intake is not a necessary condition.

- a car will not run without fuel. Therefore, fuel is a necessary condition for running car

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Necessary vs. sufficient conditions

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Characteristics of science to consider

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- science is commonly thought as amoral

- science perse does not include values

- however, researchers bring their own values, ethics, morals and sense of right and wrong to the work they do