Exercise Physiology Chapter 5

Front 1

Endocrine System?

Back 1

Releases hormones into the blood to circulate tissue

Front 2

Nervous System?

Back 2

Uses neurotransmitters to relay messages from one nerve to another, or from nerve to tissues.

Front 3

Endocrine Glands

Back 3

Release hormones directly into the blood which carries the hormone to a tissue to exert and effect.

Front 4

Hormones

Back 4

Alter the activity of tissues that possess receptors to which hormone can bind.

Front 5

Classes of Hormones

Back 5

Dependent on chemical make up
-Amino Acid derivatives
-Peptides/proteins
-Steroids

Front 6

The hormone concentration in the plasma is dependent on?

Back 6

-Rate of secretion of the hormone from the endocrine gland
-Rate of metabolism or excretion of the hormone.
-Quantity of transport protein (Steroid Hormones)
-Changes in the plasma volume

Front 7

Major site for hormone metabolism?

Back 7

The liver

Front 8

Capacity & Affinity

Back 8

Capacity: refers to the maximal quantity of hormone that can be bound to the transport protein.

Affinity: refers to the tendency of the transport protein to bind to the hormone.

Front 9

Free Plasma Hormone Concentration

Back 9

Determines the magnitude of the effect at the tissue level

Front 10

T/F: Hormones effect any tissues?

Back 10

False:
Hormones only affect tissues with specific receptors

Front 11

Effect of concentration level is dependent on?

Back 11

-Concentration of the hormone
-Number of receptors on the cell
-Affinity of the receptor for the hormone.

Front 12

Down-regulation

Back 12

receptors that decrease when exposed to chronically elevated levels of a hormone.

Front 13

Up-regulation

Back 13

Chronic exposure to a low concentration of a hormone which may lead to an increase in receptor number, with the tissue becoming very responsive to the available hormone.

Front 14

Mechanisms by which hormones modify cellular activity include?

Back 14

-Alternation of membrane transport mechanisms
-Altering activity of DNA in the nucleus to initiate or suppress the synthesis of a specific protein
-Activation of special proteins in the cells by "second messengers"

Front 15

What is Tyrosine Kinase?

Back 15

Insulin and Growth Hormone

Front 16

List the endocrine glands that hormones are secreted from

Back 16

-Hypothalamus and pituitary glands
-Thyroid and parathyroid glands
-Adrenal glands
-Pancreas
-Testes and ovaries

Front 17

Anterior Pituitary Hormones?

Back 17

-Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTCH)
-Follicle- Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
-Luteinizing hormone (LH)
-Melanocyte- stimulating hormone (MSH)
-Thyroid-stimulating Hormone (TSH)
-Growth Hormone (GH)
-Prolactin

Front 18

Posterior Pituitary Hormones?

Back 18

-Oxytocin
-Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

Front 19

Growth Hormones

Back 19

-Secreted from the anterior pituitary gland and exerts profound effects on the growth of all tissues through the action of Insulin-like Growth Factors (IGFs)
-GH increases with exercise to help maintain the plasma glucose concentration.
-IGF 1 in muscle is responsible for muscle growth

Front 20

Growth Hormone spares plasma glucose by?

Back 20

-Opposing the action of insulin to reduce the use of plasma glucose
-Increasing the synthesis of gluconeogenesis in the liver
-increasing the mobilization of fatty acids from adipose tissue.

Front 21

What does the hypothalamus control?

Back 21

The activity of both the anterior pituitary and posterior pituitary gland.

Front 22

Oxytocin

Back 22

a powerful stimulator of smooth muscle especially at the time of childbirth, and is also involved in the milk "let down" response needed fro the release of milk from the breast.

Front 23

ADH

Back 23

reduces water loss from the body

Front 24

Two stimuli that cause an increased secretion of ADH

Back 24

-high plasma osmolality (a low water concentration) that can be caused by excessive sweating without water replacement.
-a low plasma volume, which can be due either to the loss of blood or to inadequate fluid replacement.

Front 25

Two Thyroid Hormones?

Back 25

Triiodothyronine (T3) and Thyroxine (T4)

-Establish metabolic rate
-They act as permissive hormones in that they permit other hormones to exert their full effect.

Release of T3 and T4 is an example of negative feedback

Front 26

Calcitonin

Back 26

involved in a minor way in the regulation of plasma calcium (CA++), a crucial ion for normal muscle and nerve function.

Front 27

Parathyroid Hormone

Back 27

primary hormone involved in plasma Ca++ regulation

-The parathyroid gland releases parathyroid hormone in response to a low plasma Ca++ concentration.
-Stimulates the kidney to convert a form of vitamin D into a hormone that increases absorption of Ca++ from gastrointestinal tract.

Front 28

Adrenal Medulla

Back 28

Secretes catecholamines:
-Epinephrine (80%)
-Norepinephrine

E and NE are involved in maintenance of blood pressure and the plasma glucose concentration

Front 29

Adrenal Cortex Secretes...

Back 29

-Aldosterone
-Cortisol
-Estrogen and Androgens (sex steroids)

Front 30

Cortisol contributes to the maintenance of plasma glucose during long-term fasting and exercise by:

Back 30

-Promoting the breakdown for gluconeogenesis
-Stimulates the mobilization of free fatty acids from adipose tissue
-stimulates glucose synthesis
-blocks the entry of glucose into tissues

Front 31

Adipose tissue

Back 31

-Store Triglycerides
-Secrete Hormones:
*Leptin
*Adiponectin

Front 32

Pancreas

Back 32

exocrine and endocrine functions

Front 33

Pancreas Hormones

Back 33

-Insulin (from B cells)
-Glucagon (from a cells)
-Somatostatin (from delta cells)
-Digestive enzymes and bicarbonate

Front 34

Lack of insulin?

Back 34

Diabetes mellitus