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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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In high intensity activity, what compound is used to restore ATP? |
PCr |
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What is the only compound used for biological work? |
ATP |
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What explains the difference between Gross and Net energy of food metabolism? |
Coefficient of Digestibility |
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Which of the following is a common oxidizing agent in the body? |
NAD |
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How many ATP do you get from an FADH2 in the ETC? |
1.5 |
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Which of the following can be a reducing agent in the body? |
glucose |
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What is an endergonic reaction? |
A reaction where energy is stored |
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What is potential energy? |
stored energy |
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Macronutrients are broken down into what common compound? |
Acetyl CoA |
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How many ATP do you get from NAD? |
2.5 |
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What is a Calorie |
The amount of energy needed to raise 1 liter of water 1 degree Celsius |
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How many Calories in a kilojoule? |
4.184 |
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Know the examples of Exergonic reaction in the body |
energy released to surrounding |
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Know the examples of endergonic reactions in the body |
energy absorbed by surrounding |
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What compound is used to do biological work in the body |
ATP |
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What are the characteristics of an enzyme? |
a. Affects reaction rates without being consumed b. Mode of action-works like a lock and key c. Lowers activation energy d. Certain pH and certain temperature |
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Give an example of a coenzyme |
NAD |
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What is hydrolysis? |
The adding of a water molecule to break a compound |
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What is condensation? |
Removing a water molecule and making a new molecule- put compounds together |
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Know oxidation involves loss - so what is oxidized in the body |
Food , glucose |
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Know reduction involves gain - so what is reduced? |
NAD |
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Where is the electron transport chain located? |
the mitochondria |
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What are cytochromes? |
Made up of iron and protein, 5 levels, electrons move through the levels |
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Where are cytochromes located? |
In the inner membrane of the mitochondria |
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What is the process that occurs in the electron transport chain called? |
Oxidative phosphorylation |
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What are the high energy phosphates? |
ATP and PCr |
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What enzyme breaks down ATP? |
ATPase |
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What enzyme breaks down PCr? |
Creatin kinase |
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how many carbons in pyruvate? |
3 carbons |
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How many pyruvate are made in glycolysis? |
2 |
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How long can high energy phosphates provide energy at max intensity? |
10-15 seconds |
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What is the function of NAD and FAD |
take hydrogens off of food and take them to the ETC |
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What happens to the electrons and hydrogens at the end of the ETC? |
They are put on an oxygen molecule to form water |
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What are cytochromes are made up of? |
Iron and protein |
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Where do NAD and FAD go after collecting their hydrogen? |
The ETC |
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What are the sources of ATP production? |
a. Triacylglycerol and glycogen in the muscle b. Blood glucose c. Free fatty acids in the liver d. Carbon skeletons from amino acids e. Anaerobic reactions in the cytosol f. Phosphorylation |
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glycolysis converts glucose into what? |
Into 2 pyruvates |
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glycolysis converts pyruvate into what? |
a. CO2 and H2O b. Each pyruvate produces 1 NADH and 2 ATP |
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What enzyme converts pyruvate to lactate |
Lactate dehydrogenase |
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What is the rate limiting enzyme for glycolysis? |
Phosphofructokinase PFK |
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How many net ATP are made from stage 1 glycolysis |
2 ATP |
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Why do NAD attach hydrogens to pyruvate? |
When they cannot drop them off in the ETC |
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What compound does the Citric acid cycle start? |
Oxaloacetate |
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How many ATP are used to start glycolysis for glucose? |
2 |
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Acetyl CoA in the citric acid cycle produces how many ATP, CO2, NADH and FADH2? |
3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP, 2 CO2 |
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Pyruvate converted to Acetyl CoA produces how many NADH? |
2NAD |
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What is one of the most powerful controlling factors of Metabolism? |
ADP |
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What is beta-oxidation? |
Breaking off 2 carbon chains from a free fatty acid |
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What happens to Glycerol |
Becomes pyruvate or sent to the liver to become glucose |
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What is a glucogenic protein |
Amino acid treated as glucose |
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What is a ketogenic protein |
Amino acid treated as a fat (free fatty acid) |
