Exercise Physiology Chapter 10

Front 1

Cardiovascular system

Back 1

Composed of the heart, and network of arteries, veins, and capillaries that transport blood throughout the body

Front 2

Cardiovascular system 5 functions

Back 2

1. Delivers oxygen to tissues

2. Aerates blood returning to lungs

3. Transports heat, which is a byproduct of cellular metabolism

4. Delivers nutrients to tissues

5. Transports hormones, the body's chemical messengers

Front 3

Right pump

Back 3

Pulmonary circulation-receives deoxygenated blood and sends it to the lung for oxygenation

Front 4

Left pump

Back 4

Systemic circulation - receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it through the aorta for distribution throughout the body

Front 5

What separates the two sides of the heart

Back 5

Septum

Front 6

2 atrioventricular valves

Back 6

Triscupid (left)

Biscupid (right)

Front 7

2 semilunar valves

Back 7

Pulmonary semilunar valves (right)

Aortic semilunar valves (left)

Front 8

Heart pumping

Back 8

Arterial contraction opens the AV valves allowing blood to flow into ventricles. Arterials relax and fill back up. Simultaneously the ventricles forcefully eject blood through semilunar valves and throughout the body or lungs

Front 9

Arteries

Back 9

It's the high pressure valve that sends oxygen rich blood to the tissues of the body. No gas exchange occurs between arterial blood and surrounding tissues.

Front 10

Blood highway system

Back 10

Arteries --> arterioles --> metarterioles --> capillaries

Front 11

Capillaries

Back 11

Network of microscopic blood vessels that are so thin only allowing room for blood vessels to squeeze through single file.

Front 12

Veins

Back 12

Low pressure system. Deoxygenated blood leaves the tissues, enter the capillaries, and merge into the veins. Large veins empty into inferior and superior vena cava

Front 13

Venous Return

Back 13

Refers to blood flow back to the right atrium

Capillary-->venules-->large veins

Low venous pressure is a result of the limited blood flow from the capillaries to the veins

Front 14

Venous pooling

Back 14

Pooling of blood in lower extremities, happens when there is a sudden change in body positioning, BP drops quickly, increases HR, increases constriction of vessels

Front 15

Blood pressure

Back 15

Pressure that blood exerts against arterial walls, relates to cardiac output and total peripheral resistance.

BP=cardiac output x total peripheral resistance

Front 16

Systol

Back 16

Highest pressure generated by ventricular contraction

Front 17

Diastole

Back 17

Lowest point of arterial pressure

Front 18

Normal BP

Back 18

120/80

Front 19

Prehypertension

Back 19

120-129/80

Front 20

Hypertension

Back 20

130-139/80-89 is stage 1

Anything 140+ is stage 2

Hypertensive crisis is over 180/ over 120

Front 21

BP during rhythmic exercise

Back 21

Increases systolic pressure in the first few minutes and then levels off. Diastolic pressure remains fairly constant

Front 22

BP during resistance exercise

Back 22

Can increase BP dramatically

Front 23

BP during upper body exercise

Back 23

Can increase BP more dramatically than lower body exercise.

Front 24

Coronary circulation

Back 24

Provides heart with oxygen and nutrients

Front 25

Coronary arteries

Back 25

Emerge from root of the aorta and supply the heart with oxygenated blood

Front 26

Cardiac veins

Back 26

Run parallel to coronary arteries and drain deoxygenated blood into the right atria

Front 27

Hearts blood supply.

Back 27

Left main coronary artery supplies to left atria and ventricle. Right main coronary artery supplies to right atria and ventricle.

Deoxygenated blood leaves tissues of the left ventricle through the coronary sinus. It leaves from the right ventricle through anterior cardiac veins which empty into the right atrium.

Front 28

Sinoatrial node

Back 28

Specialized cells that spontaneously depolarizes and polarizes the heart. In right atrial wall. Natural pacemaker

Front 29

Atrioventricular node

Back 29

Delays electrical impulse by .10 seconds to provide enough time for the atria to contract. Located at bottom of right atria

Front 30

A - V bundle

Back 30

Rapidly spreads signal to the right and left bundle branches which transmits the impulse to the apex of the heart

Front 31

Purkinje fibers

Back 31

Speeds the impulse rapidly through the ventricles. It signals the ventricles to contract

Front 32

ECG

Back 32

P wave: depolarization of atrium

P-Q: time the signal took to reach AV node

QRS: Depolorization of ventricles and repolarization of atrium

S-T: ventricular contraction

T: Ventricular repolarization

Front 33

Nervous system organization

Back 33

CNS: brain and spinal cord

PNS: somatic and autonomic (sympathetic and parasympathetic)

Front 34

Sympathetic influence

Back 34

Fight or flight. SA node is stimulated and norepinephrine is released.

Front 35

Parasympathetic influence

Back 35

Relax and digest.

Acetylcholine is released which decreases heart rate.

Front 36

Cortical influence

Back 36

Central command. Receives afferent messages from body, has greatest control over heart rate.

Front 37

Mechanoreceptors

Back 37

Sensory receptors that responds to mechanical pressure

Front 38

Chemoreceptors

Back 38

Detect certain chemical stimuli in environment

Front 39

Baroreceptors

Back 39

Sense the blood pressure and relay the information to the brain

Front 40

Arrhythmia

Back 40

Heart rate irregularities.

Both atrias and ventricles can have regions prematurely contract

Front 41

Extrasystolies

Back 41

Extra heart beats

Front 42

Blood flow regulation

Back 42

Rate of blood flow = pressure ÷ resistance

Resistance is determined by thickness of Blood, length of blood vessels, and greatest effect is radius of blood vessels

Front 43

Poiseuilles Law

Back 43

Blood vessel radius is most important influence on blood flow.

If vessel radius is reduced/increased by half, blood flow is reduced/increased 16x

Front 44

Poiseuilles Law

Back 44

Blood vessel radius is most important influence on blood flow.

If vessel radius is reduced/increased by half, blood flow is reduced/increased 16x

Front 45

Cardiac output

Back 45

Quantity of blood ejected from heart each minute.

Front 46

resting cardiac output

Back 46

Is same for trained and untrained. Trained has higher SV and lower HR

Front 47

Stroke volume

Back 47

1. Preload, volume of blood in ventricles at end of diastole

2. Afterload, resistance heart works against

3. Strength of contraction

Front 48

Frank Starlings law of the heart

Back 48

Increase in SV are attributed to increased venous return and stretching of myocardial fibers

Front 49

Enhanced diastolic filling

Back 49

Increased venous return stretches the ventricles during diastole and increases pressure in ventricles

Front 50

Greater systolic emptying

Back 50

The optimally positioned contractile elements of the ventricles allow for more force contractions and emptying

Front 51

Afterload

Back 51

The resistance that the ventricles have to overcome.

Front 52

Cardiovascular drift

Back 52

Occurs when there is an increase in HR and decrease in SV during prolonged aerobic exercise

Front 53

Heart rate at submaximal exercise

Back 53

It peaks fast and levels off with increase in intensity. Levels off, but takes longer each time

Front 54

Resting O2 and cardiac output

Back 54

5 l per min of blood and 200 ml of O2 per liter of blood

Front 55

Arteriovenous oxygen

Back 55

Difference in oxygen amounts of arterial and venous blood. As exercise intensity increases the amount of O2 that escapes from blood also increases