Exam Study Flash Cards: Science

Front 1

Theory

Back 1

Most logical explanation for events that occur in nature.

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Law

Back 2

Once a theory has passed many tests and is generally accepted it becomes a LAW.

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Geology

Back 3

the study of rocks

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Astronomy

Back 4

The study of characteristics of objects in space (planets, stars, galaxies, black holes, super nova, nebulae.)

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Oceanography

Back 5

The study of oceans, including their physical features and life forms.

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Scientific Method

Back 6

a way to solve problems in all branches of science usually followed in a specific number of steps. Purpose, research, hypothesis, experiment, analysis, conclusion, re-experiment.

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Variable

Back 7

The condition being tested.

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Control

Back 8

The ideal conditions for running an experiment.

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Data

Back 9

Facts and statistics collected together for reference or analysis.

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Fair Test

Back 10

An experiment that only tests one variable at a time.

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Metric System

Back 11

The scientific system of measurement.

Front 12

Meter

Back 12

A unit of length in the Metric system. Equal to 100 centimeters.

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Mass

Back 13

The amount of matter in an object, usually measured in grams, kg, and mg.

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Volume

Back 14

The amount of space an object takes up. Liquids usually measured in liters and mL.

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Weight

Back 15

The measure of attraction between two objects due to gravity. Measured in Newtons

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Density

Back 16

mass per unit volume D=M/V

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Dimensional Analysis

Back 17

The method for converting one unit to another.

Front 18

Refracting Telescope

Back 18

uses a series of lenses to focus light. In general the larger the lens the greater the light gathering capability.

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Reflecting Telescope

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uses a series of mirrors to collect light. Since mirrors are used images are backwards.

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Electromagnetic Spectrum

Back 20

Contains both vidible and invisible light

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Radio Telescope

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collects radio waves which are focused onto an antenna that translates the signal into a picture.

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UV Telescope

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also usually found in orbit because our atmosphere blocks many UV rays, especially those from far away objects.

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X-Ray Telescope

Back 23

usually found in orbit around earth. These telescopes have provided info on the life cycles of stars.

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Hubble Telescope

Back 24

is orbiting earth and consists of several different types of telescopes. It has provided us with the most spectacular photos.

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Coverting C-F

Back 25

1.8(C+32)

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Converting F-C

Back 26

(F-32) x 0.5555

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Inner Core

Back 27

begins at a depth of 5150km and has a diameter of 2600km. the pressure is so great at this depth that matter exists as a solid even though the temperature is 5000 degrees Celsius. The inner core consists of iron and nickel.

Front 28

Outer Core

Back 28

is directly below the mantle and begins at a depth of about 2900km and is about 2250km thick. In the tradition model it is believed to be made of liquid iron and nickel. The temperature ranges between 2200 to 5000 degrees Celsius.

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Mantle

Back 29

is the layer directly below the crust and directly above the outer core. The mantle extends to a depth of 2900km; it makes up 68% of the earth’s mass and 80% of its volume.

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Moho

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imaginary line that exists on average at a depth of about 32km. It is found within the Lithosphere and separates the crust from the mantle.

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Plasticity

Back 31

the ability of a solid to flow.

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Crust

Back 32

the outermost layer of the earth. It is very thin, like a peel on a fruit. The crust is usually covered with soil or water. It consists of 3 types of rocks; igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic.

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Lithosphere

Back 33

includes the crust and uppermost part of the mantle. The lithosphere is broken into a number of plates, which float and move on part of the asthenosphere.

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IMIC

Back 34

Inner-Most-Inner-Core; This model maintains the idea of a liquid outer core and solid inner core (both consisting of iron and nickel; more iron). Within the inner core is another core consisting of crystallized iron.

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Nuclear Model

Back 35

developed by J. Marvin Herndon believes the earth’s core is similar to a nuclear reactor. It has been referred to as a “georeactor.” Herndon’s theory significantly changes the composition of the earth’s core. Outer core; liquid, consists of iron, sulfur, and possibly silicon. Inner core; 3 layers; nuclear core: consists of crystallized nickel silicide, sub-shell: consists of decayed fission products, sub-core: consists of uranium and plutonium.

Front 36

Matter

Back 36

anything that takes up space and has mass: solid, liquid, gas, plasma.

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Elements

Back 37

cannot be broken down into simpler forms. 114 on the periodic table. 90 occur naturally on earht and the rest are made in labs.

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Atoms

Back 38

building block of all matter
composed of: Neutrons; no charge, found in the nucleus, Protons; positively charged found in the nucleus, and Electrons; negatively charged found in rings that circle the nucleus.

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Mixture

Back 39

2 or more elements physically combined

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Compound

Back 40

2 or more elements chemically bonded, pure substance.

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Magma

Back 41

molten rock beneath the earth's surface.

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Lava

Back 42

molten rock above the earth's surface.

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Mineral

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has 5 characteristics: Naturally occuring, solid, crytalline structure, inorganic, definite chemical composition

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Crystal Structures

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Hexagonal, Monoclinic, Orthohombic, Cubic, Triclinic, Tetragonal, Trigonal.

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Luster

Back 45

the way minerals reflect light; metallic, non-metallic.

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Hardness

Back 46

how easily a mineral can be scratched, determined by the Mohs hardness scale

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Streak

Back 47

is a powder residue left behind when a mineral is rubbed across an unglazed tile.

Front 48

Density/Specific Gravity

Back 48

is the ratio of its weight compared with the weight of an equal volume of water. Similar to finding a minerals density D=m/v.

Front 49

Cleavage

Back 49

when a mineral breaks along smooth flat surfaces.

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Fracture

Back 50

when a mineral breaks along rough jagged surfaces.

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Special Properties

Back 51

some minerals possess special properties such as magnetism, radioactivity, smell, or even the ability to glow.

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Ore

Back 52

Minerals or combinations of minerals from which metals and nonmetal can be extracted in usable amounts.

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Gemstone vs. Gem

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a gemstone is a durable and beautiful mineral that can be cut and polished. AFTER it is cut and polished in can be referred to as a gem.

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How can minerals form from solutions?

Back 54

They can form from solutions two ways
-As water evaporates the minerals are left behind to form crystals.
-If too much of a substance is present in water than ions (charged atoms) can come together and form crystals within the solution

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Silicates

Back 55

a group of minerals that form most rocks. Silicates are predominately made of oxygen and silicon, which are the two most abundant elements in the earth’s crust.

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Vein Minerals

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Minerals that fill in cracks and fractures in rock.

Front 57

Metals

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Metals are minerals or elements that usually have shiny surfaces and are good conductors of heat and electricity.

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Rock Cycle

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is the continuous change of rocks from one type to another. There is no linear sequence!

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Igneous Rocks

Back 59

igneous rocks form from lava during a volcanic eruption or from magma within the earth’s crust.

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Porphyritic

Back 60

large mineral crystals over a background of small mineral crystals.

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Glassy

Back 61

glassy.... lol

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Coarse Grained

Back 62

mineral crystals that can be seen with the unaided eye.

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Fine Grained

Back 63

mineral crystals are too small to be seen by the naked eye

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Andesitic

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these rocks form from molten material that has similar composition to both granitic and basaltic rocks. This means it has a high content of iron, magnesium, and silicates (oxygen and silicon). The texture of these rocks are referred to as porphyritic

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Granitic

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are light colored and are formed from light colored molten rock which is high in silica, SiO2. Coarse Grained.

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Basaltic

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dark colored rocks that form from dark colored lava, which has a high content of iron and magnesium. The dark colored lava is runny and flows freely. Fine grained.

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Sedimentary Rock

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rock formed from sediments

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Detrital/Clastic

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made from the fragments of a previously existing rock. Detrital rocks are broken down into categories based on the particle size of their composition.

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Conglemerates/Breccia

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made of pebbles or gravel that have been cemented together. If the pebbles are rounded it is a conglomerate. If the particles have sharp angles like gravel, it is breccia.

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Chemical

Back 70

made of solutions which have minerals dissolved in them. These rocks can be created when a sea or lake evaporates leaving behind mineral deposits. These types of sedimentary rocks can also form within a solution.

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Organic

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are formed from material that was once living, like shells and plant material

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Metamorphic Rock

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Pre-Existing rocks undergo a change due to heat, pressure, or chemical reaction.

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Foliated

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has parallel layers or bands

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Non-foliated

Back 74

metamorphic rocks that do not have layers or bands

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Extrusive Rocks

Back 75

igneous rocks formed when lava cools above the earth's surface

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Intrusive Rocks

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igneous rocks formed when magma cools beneath the earth's surface.

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Principle of Original Horizontality

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states that sedimentary rocks form layers

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Superposition

Back 78

states that layers closer to the top are younger than layers near the bottom

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Uniformitarianism

Back 79

states that things that occur in nature are the same presently as they were in the past.

Front 80

Lithification

Back 80

the process of sediments becoming sedimentary rocks through compaction and cementation.

Front 81

James Hutton

Back 81

discovered the rock cycle

Front 82

Stratigraphy

Back 82

the idea that there are different layers of rocks. It is tied with the Principle of Original Horizontality and Superposition

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Brutus De Villeroi

Back 83

designed and built the USS Alligator

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April 2nd, 1863

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day Alligator sank

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Cape Hateras, NC

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where the Alligator is believed to have sunk

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Technological Advancements of the Alligator

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I dunno lol

Front 87

Meteorology

Back 87

the study of weather, climate, and other phenomena in the atmosphere