Exam One Part One: Health Care Ethics

Front 1

Personal Paternalism

Back 1

Applied by and to individuals on a case by case basis.

Front 2

Justification for Paternalism

Back 2

- Prevent harm to patients/others.

- Best interest of patients/others.

Front 3

What are the 2 Problems with Placebos?

Back 3

- Medical personell are deceiving patients.

- The placebo group doesn't get the treatment that the others get.

Front 4

Preferance Utilitariansim

Back 4

The moral theory according to which the good consists in the satisfaction of the individuals preferences.

Front 5

Mark Siegler: Confidentiality as a 'Decrepit Concept'.

Back 5

Confidentiality no longer exists in the medical field due to the vast majority of individuals who are involved in the process of getting a patient back to health. These involve the professions such as doctors, specialists, nurses, insurance companies, etc. But to make the patient understand better on who is getting their information and why is letting them trust you a bit more.

"Need to know basis."

Front 6

Full Honesty

Back 6

Respect patients autonomy and dignity. An attitude and context conductive of its patients education, including the encouragement of patients asking questions so they themselves can better understand what is going on.

Front 7

Placebo Effect

Back 7

The placebo involves deception and deprives the patients of the opportunity to make informed and autonomous choices. Some placebos may cause side effects due to some psychological factors.

Front 8

Honesty

Back 8

Patients have the right to know, and dishonesty is the prima faci wrong; Deception by comission, an order for someone to do something and get paid, or omission, a failure to do something that one has a moral/legal obligation to do.

Front 9

Autonomy

Back 9

The ability and the right of rational individuals to make free, informal, and self-determining decisions. Therefore, to restrict or deny autonomy is to objectify the individual and deny their person hood and the restriction or denial of autonomy most be ethically justified.

Front 10

What does it mean to be competent?

Back 10

All of the information a patient is given in a way that they themselves can understand.

Front 11

Randomized Double-Blind

Back 11

Participants are randomly selected to go into the controlled/experimental group. Double blind means neither the participants or experimenter knows who is in what group.

Front 12

Disclosure to Patients

Back 12

Knowing the appropriate way to disclose information to patients and to whom we disclose information about patients as well.

- Right to Know

- Honesty vs. Beneficence & Nonmaleficence

Front 13

Patients Rights

Back 13

- Examine ones medical records.

- Permission to disclose med information.

- Permission required to list name in hospital.

- Parents have access to minor children's records.

- Medical researchers remove all identity info from patients involved in experiments.

Front 14

When is it justified to legally breach a patients confidentiality?

Back 14

- Protecting the patient from themselves.

- Reporting a crime.

- Protecting public health.

Front 15

What are the ethical principles?

Back 15

1. Nonmaleficence/No Harm

2. Beneficence (Do good)

3. Utility (Produce more good then bad)

4. Distributive Justice

5. Autonomy (Right to make decisions)

6. Honesty

7. Confidentiality

8. Fidelity

9. Lawfullness

Front 16

Ethical Rights

Back 16

1. Right to Know.

2. Right to Safety.

3. Right to Expression.

4. Right to Privacy.

5. Right to Due Process.

Front 17

RESOVEDD Case Analysis Method.

Back 17

- Review the Case Background.

- Ethical Problem.

- Possible Solutions.

- Outcomes.

- Likely Impacts.

- Values Upheld and Violated.

- Evaluation of Possible Solutions.

- Decision.

- Defense.

Front 18

Ethical Theory

Back 18

An ethical theory is based on what an individual believes is most beneficial for them and what brings them the most happiness.

Front 19

Utilititarianism

Back 19

"What makes an action ethically right or wrong?"

If a larger amount of society is benefiting from something and only a small amount of society is suffering than it must be okay.

Front 20

State Paternalism

Back 20

Applied to all citizens by the state.

- Human Experiment Guidelines.

- FDA Approval.

- Medical Licensure.

Front 21

Rule Utilitariansim

Back 21

An action that is right if it conforms to a rule of conduct that has been violated by the principle of utility as one that will produce at least as much utility as any other rule applicable to the situation. The rule utilitarian is concerned with assessing the utility not the individual actions, but of the particular rules.

Front 22

Act Utilitarianism

Back 22

An act is right if, and only if, no other act could have been performed that would produce a higher quality of utility.

"Quality of Life"

Front 23

Paternalism

Back 23

Limited autonomy by acting without a patients consent or against a patients wishes.

Front 24

Vulnerable Populations of Volunteers...

Back 24

1. Children

2. The Poor

3. Terminally Ill

4. Prisoners

5. Third World Countries

6. Mentally Ill

Front 25

What are the Leading Criticisms of Kants Ethics?

Back 25

1. Conflict with others and their respected duties.

2. We are free to choose how we formulate a maxim for testing.

Front 26

"Treat people as an end in themselves, and never simply or merely as a means."

Back 26

Do not use other people and if you do have to use them treat them with dignity and respect.

Front 27

Criticism of Utilitarianism

Back 27

Just because a majority of individuals are not being effected by a decision/act does not make it ethically correct to make a decision based on that.

"Justice for all."

Front 28

According to Kant what makes an action ethically right or wrong?

Back 28

The consequences of an action are morally irrelevant. Rather an action is right when it is accordance with a rule that satisfies a principle that he calls the "categorical imperative".

Front 29

What is maxim and what is its relationship to universability?

Back 29

Moral maxim is the general mobilization of a whole. If it's relationship to the universability is that is can be generalized and applied to all cases.

Front 30

Perfect Duty

Back 30

Actions that we are expected to do all the time.

Front 31

Objective (Universal)

Back 31

All values, rights, and principles are applied universally.

Front 32

Utilitarianism

Back 32

Consequental theory

Front 33

Kantiasim

Back 33

Moral laws and standards

Front 34

Relative (Culture)

Back 34

Values, rights, and principles are based on a culture to culture basis. Not every culture see's everything eye to eye.

Front 35

Prima Faci

Back 35

Dictates what I should do when other relevant factors in a situation are not considered.

Front 36

Ethical Theory

Back 36

- Minimize Conflict.

- Rationale Persuasive Framework.

- Behavior.

- Why do we act the way we do?

Front 37

Imperfect Duty

Back 37

A duty that we only observe on occasions.

( WE PICK AND CHOOSE)

Front 38

Principle of Nonmaleficence

Back 38

"Above all do no harm"

Front 39

Principle of Beneficence

Back 39

We should act in a way that promotes the welfare of other people.

Front 40

Principle of Utility

Back 40

Greatest benefit and the least harm.

Front 41

Principle of Distributive Justice

Back 41

We expect and can demand to be treated justly in our dealings with other people and with institutions.

Front 42

Principle of Equality

Back 42

All benefits and burdens are to be distributed equally.

Front 43

Kants Ethical Theory

Back 43

"Command Theory"

Assume that the first task of ethics is to determine what we are obligated to do. By doing our own duty, we do what is valuable.

Front 44

Robyn Twitchell

&

Christian Science

Back 44

At the age of 3 Robyn died because both of his parents were Christian Scientists. They did not believe in getting medical treatment; instead they would just pray. He died of bowel destruction which could have been easily treated with medication and surgery.

Front 45

Donald (Dax) Cowart:

Rejects Treatment

Back 45

Dax was in a terrible accident and 75% of his body was covered in 3rd degree burns. He refused to get treatment because all he wanted to do was die. The doctors denied his requests and gave all the responsibility to his mother to make decisions for him; she also denied his request for no treatment. Even after his life was better he still believes that he should've been listened to and granted the right to die.

Front 46

Substitution, Reduction, & Consistency.

(Cohen)

Back 46

Substitution: the human treatment of animals requires that we distant from experimenting on them if we can accomplish the same result using an alternative way.

Reduction: No! There are no opportunities to increase human life and eliminate diseases.

Consistency: We eat animals, why cant we test on them?

Front 47

Carl Cohen

Back 47

To have a right is to have a moral claim against others. This means having the capacity to recognize conflicts between one's self interests and what is right.

"We have a duty to increase animal experimentation in order to expand human life and eliminate diseases."

Front 48

Specisim

Back 48

The notion that non-human animals need not be considered. Humans are superior.