• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/53

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

53 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Give me an example of nonspecific chemical defenses.
Lysozyme, defensins, high lactic acid and electrolyte concentration in sweat, sebaceous secretions, HCl content of the stomach, intestine digestive juices - bile
What do you call the defensins in the skin?
Demicidin
What are defensins?
Defensins - peptides produced by various cells and tissues that damage cell membrane and lyse bacteria and fungi
What are Pattern recognition receptors?
PRRs are white blood cells surface receptors that serve their "feelers" for foreign substances.
What are Toll-like receptors?
Special collectin of PRRs, these protein resides in the membrane of phagocytes that are early responsers to invaders.
What are pathogen-associated molecular patters or PAMPs?
Molecules shared by many microorganisms that act as "red flags" for the white blood cells involved in innate immunity.
What are the body compartments that participate in the immune system?
Reticuloendothelial system, Extracellular fluid, Lymphoid system and bloodstream
What are primary organs?
Bone marrow and thymus gland?
What are secondary organs - lymphoid organs?
Lymph nodes, spleen, MALT, SALT, GALT
What is the function of primary lymphoid organs?
source of immune cells and nursery for developing white blood cells
What is secondary lymphoid organ?
spleen and lymph nodes are circulatory-based locations where encounters with microbes and immune response takes place.
Example of MALT
Tonsils
Examples of GALT
Peyer's patches, appendix, compact aggregations of lymphocytes in the ileum of the small intestine
What are granulocytes?
Neutrophils - 55-90%, Basophils - 0.5%, Eisonophils 1-3%
What is the function of neutrophils?
Phagocytes, active engulfers and killers of bacteria
What is the work of basophils?
function in inflammatory events and allergies
What's the difference between mast cells and basophils
Basophils are motile, mast cells are non-motile
What is the work of eisonophils?
Active in worm and fungal infections, allergy and inflammation.
What are monocytes?
Blood phagocytes - 3-7%, consistently leave the ciruclation and mature into macrophage or dendritic cells
what are macrophage?
Largest phagocytes, ingest and kill pathogen cells, required for certain specific immune reactions.
What are lymphocytes?
20-35%; primary cells involved in immune specific reactions of foreign matter.
T cells and B cells
What are T cells?
Assist B cells and cell-mediated immunity
What are B cells?
Differentiate into plasma cells and form antibodies (humoral immunity)
What are Natural Killer cell?
Related to T cells but displaying no specificity; active against cancerous and virally infected cell
what are mechanisms that play important role in host defenses?
Inflammation, phagocytosis, interferon and complement
What are signs and symptoms of inflammation
Rubor (redness) - caused by increased circulation and vasodilation in the injured tissues; Calor (wamth) - heat given off from increased blood flow; Tumor (swelling) - caused increased ECF accumulating in tissues; Dolor (pain) - stimulation of nerve endings from the pressure of swelling and chemical mediators; loss of function
What are the chief functions of inflammation?
To mobilize and attact immune response to the injury site. To set in motion mechanisms to repair tissue damage and localize clear away harmful substances. To destroy and block microbes from further invasion
What is the purpose of vasodilation?
Increase blood flow into the area, which facilitates influx of immune components
What is exudate?
Fluid part that escapes into the tissues.
Pus is composed of what?
WBC, microbes, and the debris generated by phagocytosis
What is diapedesis?
A process where WBC's migrate out of the blood and into the tissue spaces
What are pus-forming bacteria?
Steptococci, Staphylococci, Meningococci, and Gonococci
What is pyrogen?
Resets the hypothalamic thermostat to a higher setting
What are exogenous and endogenous pyrogen?
Exogenou pyrogen are coming outside the body such as viruses, bacteria, protozoans and fungi. Endogenous pyrogen originates internally - liberated by monocytes, neutrophils and macropages during the process of phagocytosis.
What are two potent ednogenou pyrogens?
Interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor
What are the benefits of fever?
Fever inhibits multiplication of temperature-sensitive microbes. Fever impedes the nutrition of bacteria by reducing availability of iron. Fever increases metabolism and stimulates immune reactions and naturally protective physiological process.
What are the general activities of phagocytes?
To survey the tissue compartments and discover microbes, particulate matter, and injured or dead cells. To ingest and eliminate these materials. To extract immunogenic information (antigens) from foreign matter.
What are major categories of phagocytes?
Neutrophils, monocytes and macrophage
What are histiocytes?
Macrophage that migrate to a certain tissue and remain there during their life time.
examples of histiocytes
Alveolar (lung) macrophage
Kupffer cells in the liver
Langerhan cells in the skin
What is myeloperoxidase?
Enzymes found in granulocytes, forms halogen ions that are strong oxidizing agents
What are the other products of oxygen metabolism?
hydrogen peroxide, superoxide anion, activated or singlet oxygen, and hydroyl free radicals
What does oxygen dependent system eliminate?
Reactive oxygen intermediates
What are the major types of interferon?
Interferon alpha - product of lymphocytes and macrophages
Interferon beta - product of fibroblast and epithelial cells
Interferon gamma - product of T cells
What are the other roles of interferons?
Immune regulatory cytokines:
Interferon alpha - produced by T lymphocytes activates subset of cells called NK cells
Interferon beta - plays a role in maturation of B and T lymphocytes and inflammation.
Interferon gamma - inhibits cancer cells, stimulates B lymphocytes, activates macrophages and enhances effectives of phagocytosis.
What is a complement?
Function as positive feedback loop or cascade reaction.
What is the primary function of complement?
Sequential physiological response like blood clotting, in which the first substance in a chemical process activates the next substance, which activates the next and so on until the end product is reached.
What are the three versions of complement?
Classic pathway, Lectin pathway and Alternative pathway
What is a classic pathway?
Most specific, activated mainly by the presence of antibody bound to microorganisms
What is the lectin pathway?
Nonspecific reaction of a host serum protein that binds a sugar called mannan present in the walls of fungi and other microbes.
What is an alternative pathway?
Begins when complement protein binds to normal cell wall and surface component of microbes.
What are the four stages of complement cascade?
Initiation, amplification and cascade, polymerization and membrane attack.
What is MAC?
Insertion of C9 molecules that complete a full ring-shaped polymer and is the primary destructive force of the complement system.