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91 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The nervous system is divided into... |
central nervous system (brain and spinal chord), and peripheral nervous system (peripheral nerves) |
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Neurons |
transmit nerve signals using action potentials |
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Neuroglia |
nourish and support neurons (myelin sheaths are formed from neuroglia) |
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Sensory neurons |
take nerve signals from sensory receptors to the CNS |
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Interneurons |
occur within the CNS
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Motor neurons |
take nerve signals from the CNS to effectors (muscles or glands) |
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Myelin sheath |
long axons covered by this, helps transmit signal, gaps called nodes of Ranvier, lack of sheath causes short circuiting |
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Resting potential |
When more Na+ outside the axon and more K+ inside. Axon does not conduct signal, maintained by active transport using the sodium-potassium pump |
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Action potential |
when stimulus is strong enough to overcome a threshold (-70 - -50 mv), a change in polarity across the axon occurs. Na+ gates open and Na+ moves to the inside, and depolarization occurs. When K+ opens, K+ movves to outside of axon and repolarization occurs |
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Synapse |
Gap between axon terminal and neron. neurotransmitters bind to receptors in receiving membrane and causes either excitation or inhibition |
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3 main neurotransmitters |
acetylcholine, norepinephrine, and serotonin
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Spinal cord |
Responsible for conduction of information to and from the brain and carries out reflex actions |
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Cerebrum |
made up of two cerebral hemispheres connected by the corpus callosum |
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Teal |
Frontal lobe: primary motor area, premotor area, motor speech. |
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Purple |
Parietal lobe: primary somatosensory area (closely related to primary motor area), somatosensory association area, primary taste area, general interpretation area |
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Green |
Occipital lobe: primary visual area, visual association area |
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Yellow |
Temporal lobe: auditory association area, primary auditory area, sensory speech area |
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Basal nuclei |
integrate commands to the muscles to coordinate movement |
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Hypothalamus |
controls homeostasis |
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Thalamus |
sends sensory input to the cerebrum |
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Red |
Cerebellum: coordinates skeletal muscle contractions |
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Blue |
Brain stem: includes midbrain (relay station between the cerebrum and spinal cord), the pons and the medulla oblongata (breathing and heartbeat) |
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Limbic system |
Located deep in the brain, involved in determining emotions and higher mental functions, such as learning |
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Hippocampus |
involved in storing and retrieving memories |
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Sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system in the PNS |
fight or flight |
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parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system in the PNS |
rest and digest |
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Which neuron parts receive(s) signals from sensory receptors of other neurons? |
dendrites |
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The neuroglia cells that form myelin sheaths in the CNS are called |
oligodendrocytes |
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Describe the distribution of ions on either side of an axon when it is not conducting a nerve signal |
more sodium ions Na+ outside and more potassium ions K+ inside |
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When the action potential begins, sodium gates open, allowing Na+ to cross the membrane. This causes the charge on the inside of the neuron to become |
more positive |
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Repolarization of an axon during an action potential is produced by |
outward diffusion of K+ |
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Transmission of the nerve signal across a synapse is accomplishedean mard by the |
release of a neurotransmitter by an axon |
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Which of the following cerebral areas is not correctly matched with its function? a. occipital lobe -- vision b. parietal lobe -- somatosensory area c. temporal lobe -- primary motor area d. frontal lobe -- Broca's motor speech area |
c |
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Which of the following brain regions is not correctly matched to its function? a. The medulla oblongata regulates heartbeat, breathing, and blood pressure. b. The cerebellum coordinates voluntary muscle movements. c. The thalamus secretes melatonin, which regulates daily body rhythms d. The midbrain acts as a reflex center for visual, auditory, and tactile responses |
c
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What part of the brain forms the link between the nervous system and the endocrine system? |
hypothalamus
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The regulation of the information that is to be relayed to memory is the function of the |
hippocampus |
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Memories are stored in the sensory association areas of the |
cerebral cortex |
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This neurotransmitter plays an important role in sleeping, emotions, and perception |
seratonin |
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Plasma membrane of a muscle fiber |
sarcolemma |
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Cytoplasm of muscle fiber |
sarcoplasm |
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Contractile portions of muscle fibers |
encased in sarcolemma: myofibrils |
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Small gap between axon terminal and sarcolemma |
neuromuscular junction
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Muscle energy sources |
glycogen (stored in muscle) and glucose and fatty acids (acquired in blood) |
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Three sources of ATP for muscles |
1. formation by the creatine phosphate (CP) pathway (anaerobic)
2. formation of ATP by fermentation (anaerobic)
3. cellular respiration (anaerobic) |
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Fast-twitch fibers |
usually anaerobic and designed for strength, because their motor units cfontain many fibers. greater maximum tension than slow-twitch. fatigue quickly (because of build up of lactate) |
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Slow-twitch fibers |
more stamina, rely on aerobic energy. tire only when fuel supply is gone |
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Spasms |
sudden and involuntary muscular contractions
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Convulsion |
multiple spasms of skeletal muscles |
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Cramps |
strong, painful spasms, especially of the leg and foot
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Strain |
stretching or tearing of a muscle |
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Myalgia |
achy muscles. common cause is either overuse or overstretching of a muscle or group of muscles
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fibromyalgia |
chronic condition whose symptoms include widespread pain, tenderness, and stiffness of muscles |
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Muscular dystrophy |
broad term applied to a group of disorders characterized by a progressive degeneration and weakening of muscles |
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Troponin |
Ca+ pulls it away to reveal myosin-binding sites |
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In an examination of a sample of muscle tissue, you notice that the sample consists of striated cells with multiple nuclei in each cell. This suggests that the sample is from which of the following types of muscle? a. cardiac b. smooth c. skeletal d. both b and c are correct. |
c |
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Which of the following terms is not linked to its correct definition? a. insertion - the end of the muscle that is attached to a movable bone b. synergists - muscles that make the action of the prime mover more effective c. origin - attachment point of a muscle that is stationary d. antagonist - muscle that moves opposite to the prime mover e. all of these are correct |
e
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Impulses that move down the T tubules of a muscle fiber initially cause a. movement of tropomyosin b. attachment of the cross-bridges to myosin c. release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum d. hydrolysis of ATP to ADP |
c |
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The ______ is the plasma membrane of a muscle fiber. |
sarcolemma |
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As ADP and P are released from a myosin head, a. actin filaments move toward the H band b. a sarcomere shortens c. myosin filaments pull toward the thin filaments d. all of these are correct |
d |
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a. cross-bridge (myosin head) b. myosin c. actin d. Z line e. H band f. A band g. I band |
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Which pathway provides the quickest means for a muscle fiber to produce ATP? |
creatine phosphate pathway (CP) |
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Which of the following represents the maximal amount of muscle contraction? a. tetanus b. tone c. twitch d. fermentation |
a |
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Fast-twitch muscle fibers have which of the following characteristics? a. fewer number of mitochondria b. rely on fermentation and creatine phosphate pathways c. primarily anaerobic d. provide for a quick release of energy e. all of these are correct |
e |
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A _________ is an injury to muscle due to twisting or stretching. |
strain |
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Cancers that occur in soft tissues, such as muscles, are referred to as _______. |
sarcomas |
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Which of the following is not a role of the muscular system in homeostasis in the body? a. produce movement b. protect body parts c. produce heats d. store calcium |
d |
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Sensory receptors that detect stimuli from outside the body |
exteroceptors |
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Sensory receptors that detect stimuli from inside the body |
interoceptors |
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Sensory receptors that respond to chemical substances |
chemoreceptors |
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Sensory receptors that respond to light energy |
photoreceptors |
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Sensory receptors that respond to mechanical forces such as pressure |
mechanoreceptors |
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Sensory receptors that respond to changes in temperature |
termoreceptors such as hypothalamus and skin |
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Sensory adaptation |
decrease in response to a stimulus (like a bad odor fading over time) |
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Olfactory cells |
located in olfactory epithelia high in the roof of the nasal cavity. olfactory cells are modified neurons. each cell ends in a tuft of about five olfactory cilia, which bear receptor proteins for odor molecules |
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aqueous humor |
clear, watery fluid filling the anterior compartment (space in front of the lens). buildup of this caused by glaucoma |
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vitreous humor |
clear, gelatinous material in posterior compartment (behind lens). holds retina (third, innermost layer of eye) in place |
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retina |
third (inner most) layer of eye. contains photoreceptors |
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sclera |
white and fibrous outer layer of eye. except the cornea, which is the window to the eye |
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choroid |
thin middle coat of the eye with extensive blood supply. its dark pigment absorbs stray light rays that photoreceptors have not absorbed |
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iris |
choroid becomes the iris, which regulates the size of the pupil
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pupil |
hole in the center of the iris. light enters through the iris |
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A receptor that detects changes in pH, or specific molecules in the environment, would be classified as a |
chemoreceptor |
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Where does the process of sensation occur in the body? |
cerebral cortex |
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Which type of receptor detects the chemicals released by damaged tissues? |
nociceptors |
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Which of the following types of receptors assists in the maintenance of muscle tone? a. nociceptor b. proprioceptors c. Pacinian corpuscles d. Krause end bulbs e. all of these are correct |
b |
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The senses of taste and smell rely primarily on what type of receptors? |
chemoreceptors |
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Olfactory bulbs are located ____________. |
In the nasal cavity |
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a. retina b. choroid c. sclera d. optic nerve e. fovea centralis f. ciliary body g. lens h. iris i. pupil j. cornea |
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Which structure of the eye is incorrectly matched with its function? a. lens - focusing b. cones - color vision c. iris - regulation of amount of light d. choroid - location of cones e. sclera - protection |
d |
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Adjustment of the lens to focus on objects close to the viewer is called ________. |
visual accommodation |
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To focus on objects that are close to the viewer, the a. suspensory ligaments must be pulled tight b. lens needs to become more rounded c. ciliary muscle will be relaxed d. image must focus on the area of the optic nerve |
b |
