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107 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Anabolic metabolism |
larger molecules are built from smaller ones Ex) amino acids are bonded together to make proteins through dehydration synthesis |
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Acetyl CoA |
An acetyl group bound to coenzyme A, a participant in theanabolic and catabolic pathways for carbohydrates, lipids, and many amino acids.- Binds with Oxaloacetic acid to form Citricacid in the citric acid cycle/kreb cycle |
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Adenosine triphosphate |
A High-energy compound consisting of adenosinewith three phosphate groups attached; the third is attached; the third isattached by a high energy bond |
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Catabolic Metabolism |
The breakdown of complex organic molecules intosimpler components, accompanied by the release of energy. Ex) hydrolysis of foods in the digestivetract |
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Citric acid cycle |
The reaction sequence that occurs in the matrixof mitochondria; in the process, organic molecules are broken down, carbondioxide molecules are released, and hydrogen atoms are transferred to coenzymesthat deliver them to the electron transport system; also called the Kreb cycle |
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Electron transport system |
Located within the mitochondrion. Directly aerobic metabolism. Uses reduced coenzymes to produce 32 ATP. Yields water. |
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Glucose |
A six carbon sugar, C6H12O6; the preferredenergy source for most cells and normally the only energy source for neurons |
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Oxaloacetic acid |
Final product of Citric Acid cycle/Kreb Cycle. Oxaloacetic acid condenses with Acetyl CoA toform Citric acid |
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Pyruvate |
The anion formed by the dissociation of pyruvicacid, a three carbon compound produced by glycolysis |
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Reduced coenzymes |
generated by the citric acid cycle donate electrons in a series ofreactions called the electron transport chain. The energy from the electrontransport chain is used for oxidative phosphorylation. Ex) NADH, FADH2 |
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Apocrine sweat gland |
Produces secretion ofsweat plus fatty substances and proteins.- much less common- larger thanmerocrine sweat glands- ducts empty intohair follicles- when secretions aredecomposed by bacteria it creates the smell of B.O.- exact functionunknown (no role in thermoregulation) |
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Autograft |
Skin transplant from the same person. Oftentaken from near the buttock; used in burn patients |
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Basal Cell Carcinoma |
Most common type of skin CA; least dangerous - slow growing - originates from cells in the stratum basalelesions often occur on face |
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Dermis |
The C.T. layer beneath the epidermis of theskin. F(x): houses b.v., glands, nerves, glands, and hair follicles. Few cells present like macrophages and fibroblasts - Divided into upper papillary region and a lowerreticular region. - Composed mostly of areolar C.T. anddense irregular C.T. |
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Epidermis |
The epitheleum covering the surface of the skin - forms a protective barrier that prevents water loss andprotects us against possible infection - composed entirely of cells (90% keratinocytes,melanocytes) - avascularmultiple layers - has 5 layers in thick skin; 4 layers in thin (Come on Lets Get SunBurnt) |
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Homograft |
Temporary skin used to stabilize burn patients by preventing infection and loss of fluid prior to autografting. |
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Hypodermis/SQ region |
The layer of loose C.T. below the dermis also called SQ layer or superficial fascia. - Not an actual part of the skin; rather its the foundation on which the skin rests - Contains b.v. and adipose tissue for insulation |
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Keratinization |
The process where new keratinocutes gradually fill with keratin, move upward in the epidermis and die is called keratinization. - This process constantly regenerates the epidermis - used to produce your nail plate and hair shafts in your skin. Nails contain hard keratin |
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Malignant Melanoma |
Most dangerous form of skin CA - high rate of metastasis to lymph and b.v. - often arises from moles - looks like a brown or black patch (A, B,C,D,E to remember CA type moles) |
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Melanin |
The yellow brown pigment produced by the melanocytes of the skin |
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Melanocytes |
Located in the stratum basale of the epidermis. Produces melanin. - Variation in skin color among races due to the amount of melanin produced and how far out the melanocyte branches extend |
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Merocrine sweat gland |
Coiled tube with a single duct extending to a pore in the skin surface - F(x): to produce sweat (mostly water and some salts)to coat the skin. Can absorb heat and evaporates to aid in thermoregulation |
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Sebaceous gland |
Glands that secrete sebum; normally associated with hairfollicles. - Cells within the gland fill with lipids untilthey burst, releasing the lipids and cell fragments as sebum. - Cell division in the outer wall of the glandconstantly produces new cells to replace those that burst. Sebum lubricates both hair and skin, strengthenshair, prevents some water loss from skin |
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Squamous Cell Carcinoma |
More dangerous than basal cell carcinoma - Faster growing - Originates from cells in the st. spinosum - Lesions often found on head, ears and hands |
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Stratum Corneum |
Uppermost layer of the epidermis; 20-30 rows of flat dead keratinocytes. Cells contain lots of keratin |
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Stratum granulosum |
Middle of epidermis. - 3-5 rows of flattened keratinocytes - keratinocytes have thickened plasma membranes |
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Stratum Lucidum |
Only present in thick skin; appears clear under microscope. - 3-5 rows of clear, flat, dead keratinocytes - cells contain lots of keratin |
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Stratum Spinosum |
8-10 rows of irregular shaped keratinocytes; contains melanin granules |
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Articular Cartilage |
The cartilage pad that covers the surface of a bone inside a joint cavity |
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Calcification |
The deposition of Ca salts within a tissue |
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Calcitonin (CT) |
The hormone secreted by C cells of the thyroid when Ca ion concentrations are abnormally high; restores homeostasis by increasing the rate of bone deposition and the rate of Ca loss by the kidneys. |
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Canaliculus |
Microscopic passageways b/w cells; permit the diffusion of nutrients and wastes to and from osteocytes |
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Communicating Canal |
a.k.a. Volkmann's canal: small channels in the bone that transmit b.v. from the periosteum into the bone and that communicate with the haversion canals (osteons). The perforating canals provide energy and nourishing elements for osteons. |
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FIRST degree Burns |
least severe - only epidermis is damaged - heals in a few days Ex) mild sunburn |
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SECOND degree Burn |
more severe - both epidermis and upper dermis damaged - blisters often appear - healing: 3-4wks Ex) boiling oil onto skin, severe sunburn |
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THIRD Degree Burn |
Most severe - Full thickness of the skin is damaged - may appear blackened and require grafting |
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ABCDE Rule with skin CA detection |
A: Asymmetry B: Border Irregularity C: Color D: Diameter E: Elevation |
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Compact Bone |
Dense bone that contains parallel osteons |
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Compound Fracture |
A fracture in which bone fragments stick out through the skin or a wound penetrates down to the broken bone. a.k.a. OPEN fracture |
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Diaphysis |
shaft of a long bone |
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Endochondral ossification |
Bone that is formed from hyaline cartilage. - more common - occurs in all long bones and most others except the cranium, the clavicles, and sesamoid bones |
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Endosteum |
Non-continuous cellular layer - Covers the trabeculae of spongy bone and the canals within compact bone - contains osteoblasts and osteoclasts |
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Epiphysis |
The head of a long bone |
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Estrogen |
Estrogen is instrumental in boneformation, working with vitamin D, Ca and other hormones to break down and rebuild bones according to the body's natural processes. Asestrogen levels decrease in middle age, the process of rebuilding bonesslows, with postmenopausal women eventually breaking down more bone than theyproduce. This is why postmenopausal women are four times more likely to sufferfrom osteoporosis than men |
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Flat bones |
bones that are flattened, thin and typically curved Ex) cranium, sternum, ilium |
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Growth Hormone |
A hormone produced by the pituitary gland that stimulates all tissue growth including bony tissues |
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Hemaopoiesis |
The formation of blood cells that occurs in the red marrow of certain bones |
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Hydroxyapatite |
Inorganic part of bone calcification. Mineralsalts, mostly tiny crystals of calcium phosphates and calcium carbonates makesbone tissue dense, gives it hardness and provides some of its strength |
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Intramembranous Ossification |
The formation of bone from fibrous connective tissue membranes without the prior development of a cartilaginous model. - Occurs in flat bones |
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Irregular bone |
Bones that are of complex shapes and fit no other category Ex) vertebrae, coxal bone |
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Lacuna |
A small pit or cavity |
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Lamella |
A single layer of many lamellae - concentric layers of bone within an osteon |
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Long bone |
bones that are longer than they are wide; shaft with two ends |
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Medullary Cavity |
The space within a bone that conains the marrow |
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Ossification |
The formation of bone; osteogenesis |
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Osteoblast |
Bone forming cells f(x): produce osteoid- organic matrix rich in collagen - located within the inner layer of the periosteum; also line cavities within bone |
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Osteocytes |
mature bone cells derived from an osteoblast and trapped in a lacuna - maintains normal bone tissue - scattered throughout the osteons of compact bone and the trabeculae of spongy bone |
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Osteoclasts |
Multinucleated, bone-destroying cells f(x): to reshape bone. They secrete acids to destroy the inorganic Ca salts portion of bone and enzymes to destroy the organic portion of bone (collagen fibers). - the release Ca also when our body needs it - located within the inner layer of the periosteum |
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Osteoid |
An organic matrix composed of the proteincollagen. Collagen gives bone itsflexibility and tensile strength. Osteoid is the ground substance produced by osteoblasts |
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Osteomalacia |
Softening of bones typically from a deficiencyof calcium and Vit D. This can resultin bowing or fracturing of bones. Thisis usually treated with dietary changes or hormone supplements. |
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Osteon |
The basic histological unit of compact bone, consistingof osteocytes organized around a central canal and separated by concentriclamellae |
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Osteoporosis |
Brittle bone disease associated with aging.Located in spongy bone and some medullary cavity. Breaks down trabeculla (spaces within spongybone and locks less porons. Loss of bonemass occurs and can lead to compression fractures. Caused by inadequateossification or if osteoclast activity is greater than osteoblastactivity. Can be prevented with Ca+VitD. supplements. Can be treated withhormone therapy, however = risky due to high chance of developing Breast CA. |
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Pagets disease |
Disorder of bone remodeling that begins with excessive boneresorption followed by an increase in bone formation. Having overactive osteoclasts andcompensating overactive osteoblasts results in a disorganized mosaic of bonewhich is weaker, larger and less compact, more vascular and more susceptible tofractures that normal adult bones. Usually asymptomatic, but can cause: Painful, Secondary Osteoarthritis and Bone deformities Cause: unknown; may be geneticTreatment: medications and sometimes surgery |
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Parathyroid hormone (PTH) |
A hormone secreted by the parathyroid glandswhen blood calcium levels decrease below the normal range; causes increasedosteoclast activity, increased intestinal calcium uptake, and decreased calciumion loss at the kidneys. |
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Periosteum |
The layer that surrounds a bone, consisting o anouter fibrous region and inner cellular region |
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Rickets |
Defective mineralization or calcification ofbones in children. Usually caused fromextreme and prolonged Calcium and Vitamin D deficiency. Can be treated with Ca+Vit D supplementationif it was related to a deficiency. Ifgenetic, then other meds will be necessary. |
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Sesamoid bones |
Shaped like a sesame seed. Special type of short bone that forms in atendon. Ex) Patella |
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Short bones |
Generally have cube shape Ex) carpals and tarsals |
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Simple fractures |
“Closed” fracture. A fracture of the bone only, without damageto the surrounding tissues or breaking of the skin. |
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Spongy bone |
Bone made of solid braches of bone calledtrabeculae which serves the purpose of resisting physical stresses onbone. The location of spongy bone isfound on each end and within the medullary cavity of long bones, and the centerof flat bones. |
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Testosterone |
The main androgen produced by the interstitialcells of the testes. |
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Trabecular Cavities |
Hematopoietic tissue of bones, red bonemarrow, is located within the trabecular cavities of the spongy bone in flatbones, and in the epiphyses of long bones. |
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Abduction |
Movement away from the midline of the body |
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Adduction |
Movement toward the midline of the body |
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Bursa |
A small sac filled with synovial fluid that cushions adjacent structures and reduces friction |
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Bursitis |
is the inflammation of one ormore bursae (small sacs) of synovial fluid in thebody. They are lined with a synovial membrane that secretes a lubricatingsynovial fluid. |
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Cartilaginous joint |
Only cartilage anchors the joint together. Allow more movement between bones than afibrous joint but lessthan the highly mobile synovial joint.An example would bethe joint between themanubrium and the sternum. |
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Circumduction |
A movement at a synovial joint in which thedistal end of the bone moves in a circular direction, but the shaft does notrotate. Ex) can occur at shoulder joint or hip joint |
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Depression |
Inferior downward movement of a body part; Ex) opening your jaw or the downward movement ofshoulders after shrugging them |
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Dislocation |
or Luxation; an abnormal separation of the bones in a joint |
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Elevation |
Movement in a superior or upward direction Ex) shrugging shoulders |
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Eversion |
A turning outward |
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Extension |
An increase in the angle between the twoarticulating bones |
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Fibrous joint |
only fibrous connective tissues anchor the jointtogether |
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Flexion |
Movement that reduces the angle between two articulatingbones; the opposite of extension |
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Gomphosis |
A fibrous synarthrosis that binds a tooth to thebone of the jaw |
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Gouty arthritis |
Hereditary disease leading to increased levelsof uric acid in the blood. Uric acid is normally excreted in the urine, but nowit is deposited in joints. This resultsin inflammation. Common sites are theknee and foot. Recommendation is toavoid purine-rich foods |
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Hyperextension |
Hyperextension is an excessive joint movement in which the angle formedby the bones of that joint is opened, or straightened, beyond its normal,healthy, range of motion. This movement may makethe joint unstable and increase the risk for dislocation or other potentialinjuries. |
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Inversion |
A turning inward |
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Joint capsule |
Surrounds the joint cavity and joint- double layered structure: outer layer =fibrous capsule (dense irregular connective t. ); inner layer = synovialmembrane (loose connective t. ), covers all internal joint structures. |
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Joint cavity |
Potential space that contains a small amount offluid lubricant called synovial fluid |
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Ligament |
A dense band of connective tissue fibers thatattaches on bone to another |
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Meniscus |
A fibrocartilage pad between opposing surfacesin a joint |
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Osteoarthritis |
Articular cartilage is destroyed, cartilagefragments float in joint cavity leading to bone spurs and moreinflammation. Common with aging, wearand tear. |
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Pronation |
The rotation of the forearm that makes the palmface posteriorly |
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Protraction |
Movement anteriorly in the horizontal plane Ex) moving jaw forward |
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Retraction |
Movement posteriorly in the horizontal planeEx) retracting the jaw |
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Rheumatoid Arthritis |
Autoimmune disorder where the immune systemdestroys joint tissue, thickens synovial membrane, scar tissue forms and thereis ossification of the joint where it “fuses” together |
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Rotation |
To turn a bone around on its long axis |
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Supination |
The rotation of the forearm such that the palmfaces anteriorly |
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Suture |
A fibrous joint b/w flat ones of the skull |
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Symphysis |
A fibrous amphiarthrosis, such as that betweenadjacent vertebrae or between the pubic bones of the coxal bones |
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Synchondrosis |
Where the connecting mediumis hyaline cartilage, a cartilaginous joint is termed synchondrosis. An example of synchondrosis joint is the first sternocostal joint (wherethe first rib meets the manubrium). In this example, the rib articulates withthe manubrium via the costal cartilage. |
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Syndesmosis |
A syndesmosis is a slightly movablefibrous joint in which bones such as the tibia and fibula are joined togetherby connective tissue. Examples include the distal tibiofibular joint as well asthe radioulnar joint. Injuries to the ankle syndesmosis are commonly known as a "high anklesprain". |
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Synovial fluid |
The substance secreted by synovial membranesthat lubricates joints |
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Synovial joint |
A freely movable joint where the opposing bonesurfaces are separated by synovial fluid; a diarthrosis |
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Tendonitis |
Inflammation or irritation of a tendon |
