Exam Ii

Front 1

Lactic Acid Bacteria

Back 1

Generic term for any gram-positive bacteria that produces lactic acid as a product of fermentation

Front 2

Homolactic Fermentation

Back 2

Start with glucose and produce 2 lactic acid products

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Heterolactic Fermentation

Back 3

Start with glucose and products lactic acid, ethanol, carbon dioxide

Front 4

Ethanol Fermentation

Back 4

Fermentation of glucose to produce ethanol and carbon dioxide.

Used by some bacteria and some yeast.

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Malting

Back 5

Grain (seeds) are briefly germinated to break carbohydrates down to simple sugars that the microbes can act on.

Front 6

Acetic Acid Bacteria

Back 6

Ethanol is starting product here. Make acetic acid via respiration.

Front 7

Types of Fermentation

Back 7

Metabolic pathway using SLP for ATP generation.

Incubating product with microbes for food transformation.

Growing microbes in large amounts.

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Cocoa Fermentation.

Back 8

Mucilage --> ethanol, lactic acid, and yeast ---> acetic acid.

Front 9

Products from Butanol Fermentation

Back 9

Acetate, ethanol, butanol, isopropanol, and butyrate

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Three Goals of Wastewater Treatment

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1. Reduce level of nutrients.
2. Removal of biomass.
3. Cleaning up environment.

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Types of Aerobic water treatments

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1. Put tons of activated sludge in environment.
2. Trickling filter: put water over rock biofilm, O2 moves through spaces

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Polyphosphate

Back 12

Phosphate ions can be polymerized to polyphosphate which can be accumulated and stored in the cell.

This is how we keep phosphorous out of the water.

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Denitrification

Back 13

Conversion of Nitrate (NO3-2) to Nitrogen Gas (N2)

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Nitrification

Back 14

Conversion of Ammonia (NH3) to Nitrate (NO3-2)

Front 15

Nitrogen Fixation

Back 15

Fixing Nitrogen gas (N2) to Ammonia (NH3) for cell to use as organic Nitrogen.

Front 16

Nodule

Back 16

Tumor-like things full of rhizobia bacteria

Front 17

Flavonoids

Back 17

Signal rhizobia to produce

Front 18

Bacteroids

Back 18

Fix Nitrogen and provide it to the plant. In return, plants fix CO2 and give organic carbon to bacteria.

Front 19

Nod Factors

Back 19

Cause structural changes that allow bacteria to enter the plant.

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Transcription

Back 20

Copying nucleotides --> nucleotides

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Translation

Back 21

Switching languages from nucleotides --> amino acids

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Gene

Back 22

Any segment of DNA that can be transcribed.

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Monocistronic RNA

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Common in most eukaryotes...each gene has its own promoter

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Polycistronic RNA

Back 24

More than one gene per promoter

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Template Strand

Back 25

What RNA uses as model from transcription

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Sigma Factors

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Tells RNA polymerase where promoter is so it knows where to bind and start transcribing

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tRNA

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Transfer RNA: helps communicate nucleotide language to amino acid language

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Start Codon

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AUG

Front 29

Stop Codons

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UGA, UAG, UAA

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Shine-Dalgarno Sequence

Back 30

Tells the ribosome where to start (Located upstream of start codon)

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Promoter

Back 31

Decides what gene is expressed

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Genome

Back 32

All genetic material in an organism. Contains chromosomes and plasmids.

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KB

Back 33

Kilobase = 1000 basepairs

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Semiconservative Replication

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Each daughter strand has 1/2 new DNA and 1/2 old DNA

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Primase

Back 35

Makes primer--DNA Polymerase needs it as a starting point

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dnaA

Back 36

Finds Ori and recruits other proteins to help

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Mutagen

Back 37

Agents that damage DNA

Front 38

Mutant

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Mutation carries on through to daughter cell

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Missense Mutation

Back 39

Change codon enough to put in a different amino acid.

Probably changes phenotype.

Front 40

Silent Mutation

Back 40

Changes codon/DNA sequence but doesn't change the amino acid

Front 41

Types of Lateral/Horizontal Transfer

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1. Transformation
2. Transduction
3. Conjugation

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Transformation

Back 42

Taking up free DNA

Front 43

Transduction

Back 43

Movement of DNA from cell to cell by a bacterial virus

Front 44

Conjugation

Back 44

Movement of DNA from one living cell directly to another potentially very different cell.

Generally requires specialized protein machinery involving pilli.

Front 45

Restriction Enzymes

Back 45

Digest DNA at specific sequences

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DNA Ligase

Back 46

Glues sticky ends together

Front 47

Reverse Transcriptases

Back 47

Enzymes that convert RNA backwards to DNA

Front 48

Agrobacterium Tumefacians

Back 48

Causes plant tumors

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Onc

Back 49

Encodes proteins to make plant hormones

Front 50

Ops

Back 50

Encode genes to make opines, unusual modified amino acids

Front 51

Bacillus Thuringiensis

Back 51

Produces Bt toxin: naturally occurring insect toxin produced by this bacteria...goal is to have plants produce it themselves.

THAT'S THE DREAM!

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PCR

Back 52

Taking a small amount of DNA and multiplying it a lot until you have a big amount of a specific piece/chunk of DNA

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Thermus Aquatics

Back 53

A thermophilic bacterium we want to steal DNA polymerase from because it can withstand high temperatures