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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What do tropho blasts do in implantation?
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-adhere to endometrium
-proliferate to form 2 layers -cytotrophoblast -syncytiotrophoblast secrete Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG) maintains viability of corpus lutem -develope after implantation continues hormonal stimulus |
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Cytotrophoblast
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cells of the inner layer that retain their cell boundries
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Syncytiotrophoblast
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cells in the outer layer lose their plasma membranes and invade the endometrium
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Chorion
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developed from trophoblasts after implantation continues hCG stimulus
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Effects of Pregnancy: Anatomical Changes
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-chadwick's sign vagina vagina turns purplish hue
-breast enlarge and their areola carken -uterus expands, occupying most of abdominal cavity -weight gain |
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Effects of Pregnancy: Metabolic Changes
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-placenta secrets Human Placental Lactogen stims maturation of the breasts and growth of fetus and exerts maternal metabolism
-parathyroid hormone levels are high ensuring a positive calcium balance |
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Effects of Pregnancy: Physiological Changes
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~GI Tract- morning sickness occurs to elevated levels of estrogen and progesterone
~Urinary System- urine production increases to handle the additional fetal wastes ~Respiratory System- edematous and nasal congestion may occure ~Cardiovascular System-blood volume increases 25-40% and venous pressure from lower limbs is impaired resulting in varicose veins |
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Stages of Labor
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Parturation: Initiation of Labor
Dilation Stage Expulsion Stage |
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Parturition: Initiation of Labor
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-Weak Braxton Hicks contractions may take place
-as birth nears oxcytocin and prostaglandins cause urterine contractions -emotional and physical stress activate hypothalamus sets up a positive feedback mechanism releasing more oxytocin |
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Dilation Stage
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-from the onset of laboy until the cervix is fully dilated 10 cm
-initial contractions are 15-30 minutes apart and 10-30 seconds in duration -cervix effaces and dilates -amnion ruptures releasing amnionic fluid -engagement occurs as infant's head enters true pelvis |
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Expulsion Stage
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-from dilation- delivery of infant
-strong contractions occur every 2-3 minutes and last about 1 min -urge to push increases -crowning occurs when largest dimension of head distending vulva -delivery of placenta is accomplished 30 min after birth |
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Neonatal Period
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-4 week period immediately after birth
-physical status is assesed at 1 and 5 min after birth |
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Apagar Score
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at 1&5 min after birth physical status is assessed based on 5 signs
-heart rate, respiration,color, muscle tone, and reflexes -rated on a 0-2 score -8-10 reps a healthy baby |
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Ectoder
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-1 of 3 primary germ layers
-forms structures of nervous system and skin epidermis |
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Endoderm
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-1 of 3 primary germ layers
-forms epithelial linings of digestive, respiratory, and irogenital system |
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Mesoderm
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-1 of 3 primary germ layers
-forms all other tissue |
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Primitive Streak
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raised dorsal groove that establishes longitudinal axis of the embryo
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Amnion
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develops when cells of epiblast fashion themselves into a transparent membranous sac
-filled with amniotic fluid |
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Lactation
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-production of milk by mammary gland
-stimulated by suckling infant |
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Colostrum
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-solution rich vitamin A, protein, minerals, and Ig A Antibodies
-released first 2-3 days -followed by true milk production |
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Genetics
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Study of the mechanism of heredity
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Karayotype
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diploid chromosomal complement displayed in homologous pairs
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Genome
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genetic makeup represents 2 sets of genetic instructions one maternal and one paternal
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Crossover
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one chromosome segement exchanges positions with its homologous counterpart during meiosis I
-genetic info is exchanged |
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Random Fertilization
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a singl egg is fertilized by a singles sperm in a random manner
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Dominant-Recessive inheritance
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reflects interaction of dominant and recessive alleles
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Punnet Square
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diagram used to predict probability of having a ce3rtain type of offspring with a particular genotype and phenotype
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Incomplete Dominance
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heterozygous individual have an intermediate phenotype
ex:Sickle gene |
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Multiple-Allele inheritance
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genes that exhibit more than 2 alternate alleles can have codominance of allel
ex: ABO blood grouping (Ia Ib and i) |
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Sex-Linked inheritance
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inherited by genes on sex chromosomes typically from mothers to sons never masked or dampened in males there is no Y counterpart
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Polygene Inheritance
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depends on several different gene pairs at different loci acting in tandem
-results in continuous phenotypic variation between 2 extreems -ex:skin eye color hight |
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Phenocopies
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environmentally produced phenotypes that mimic mutations
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Extrachromosomal (Mitochondrial) Inheritance
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some genes are in mitochondria are transmitted by mother
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Pedigrees
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trace a particular genetic trait through several generations
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Amniocentesis
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amniotic fluid is withdrawn after the 14th week and sloughed fetal cells are examined for genetic abnormalities
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Chorionic Villi Sampling (CVS)
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Chronic villi are sampled and karyotyped for genetic abnormalities
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Human Gene Therapy
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genetic engineering has potential to replace defective gene
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