Exam 2

Front 1

TMJ

Back 1

Articulation of the condyle of mandible with the mandibular fossa of temporal bone.

Combines elements of a condylar, hinge, and plane joints.

Front 2

Glenohumeral Joint
(humeroscapular)

Back 2

(Shoulder joint)
Head of humerus articulates with glenoid cavity of the scapula

Front 3

Shoulder stabilizing muscles
& their tendons that form the rotator cuff

Back 3

Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres Minor
Subscapularis

Front 4

Rotator Cuff

Back 4

-Made of tendons
-Fused to the joint capsule
-on all sides except the inferior

Front 5

Bursae of the Shoulder

Back 5

Subdeltoid
Subacromial
Subcoracoid
Subscapular

Front 6

Elbow Joint

Back 6

Humeroulnar joint (trochlea notch of humerus joints trochlear notch of ulna.) & humeroradial joint articulation (capitulum of humerus meets head of the radius.)

Front 7

Coxal
(Hip Joint)

Back 7

Head of femur inserts into the acetabulum of hip bone

Front 8

Tibiofemoral Joint
(Knee Joint)

Back 8

-Largest and most complex diarthrosis of the body
-Hinge joint
-Patella articulates with femur to form the patellofemoral joint
-Knee is stabilized by the quadriceps tendon in front & semimembranosus muscle in back

Front 9

Lateral & Transverse Menisci

Back 9

-Absorbs shock of body
-Prevents the femur from rocking side to side on the tibia

Front 10

ACL/PCL
(Anterior/Posterior Cruciate Ligament)

Back 10

-Crosses knee in an 'X'
-ACL prevents hyperextension
-PCL prevents the femur from sliding off the front of the tibia and prevents tibia from being displaced backward.

Front 11

Popliteal Regions

Back 11

Posterior region of knee that unlocks knee from extension by rotating femur laterally and untwisting ligaments.

Front 12

Talocrural Joint
(Ankle Joint)

Back 12

Articulation between medial joint of tibia/talus and a lateral joint of fibula/talus.

Front 13

Calcaneal tendon
(achilles)

Back 13

Extends from calf muscle to calcaneous.
Plantflexes the foot and limits dorsiflexion.

Front 14

Types of Synovial Joints

Back 14

Ball & Socket
Pivot Joint
Saddle Joint
Hinge Joint
Plane Joint
Condylar Joint

Front 15

Ball & Socket Joint

Back 15

Humeroscapular (shoulder joint)
(Head of Humerus & Scapula)
Hip

Multi-axial

Front 16

Pivot Joint

Back 16

Radius & Ulna
Radial head pivots around radial notch of the ulna
(radioulnar)

Atlantoaxial
(1st two vertebrae/axis & atlas)

Mono-axial; bone spins on its longitudinal axis

Front 17

Saddle Joint

Back 17

Metacarpal bone & Carpal bone
(trapeziometacarpal)

Two concavities face one another; convex on exteriors

Biaxial
Thumb = frontal & sag plane
Sternoclavicular = frontal plane & horizontally in transverse plane

Front 18

Hinge Joint

Back 18

Convex fits into depression of other bone; not hemispherical

Humeroulnar = elbow joint
(Humerus & Ulna)

Trochlea of humerus & condyles of femur

Knee

Monaxial; moving freely in one plane with very little movement elsewhere (door hinge)

Front 19

Plane Joint
(Gliding)

Back 19

Bones are more flat or slightly concave
Bones slide over eachother; limited movement

Carpal Bones
Intercarpal
Between vertebrae

Biaxial

Front 20

Condylar Joint

Back 20

Oval convex fits into a similar shaped depression on other bone

Wrist
Metacarpal Bone & Phalanx
(metacarpophalangeal)
Making a fist/extend fingers = frontal & sag plane

Biaxial - movement in 2 planes

Front 21

Which is the least movable joint

diarthrosis
synostosis
symphysis
synovial joint
condylar joint

Back 21

Synostosis

Front 22

The lubricant of a diarthrosis is called __________

Back 22

Synovial Fluid

Front 23

A fluid-filled sac that eases the movement of a tendon over bone is called _______

Back 23

Bursa

Front 24

A _____ joint allows one bone to swivel on another.

Back 24

Pivot

Front 25

Kinesiology

Back 25

The study of movement

Front 26

Gomphosis
Fibrous Joint

Back 26

-Fibrous joint or synarthrosis.
-Bones bound by collagen fibers
-short fibers allow for little or no movement
-Joint between a tooth and the mandible

Front 27

Types of Fibrous Joints
(Synarthrosis)

Back 27

Bones bound by collagen

Sutures
Gomphoses
Syndesmoses- fibers are longer & attach to more movable bones

Front 28

Sutures

Back 28

Immobile fibrous joints that closely bind the skull bones
They occur no where else

Front 29

Types of Sutures

Back 29

Serrate
Lap (squamous)
Plane

Front 30

Serrate sutures

Back 30

wavy lines
coronal, sagittal, and lambdoid sutures of parietal bones

Front 31

Lap Sutures

Back 31

-Overlaping beveled edges
-Between temporal and parietal bones
(squamous suture)

Front 32

Plane Sutures (butt)

Back 32

-2 bones have straight non-overlapping edges.
-Bones border one another
-Between Palatine process of maxillae & roof of mouth

Front 33

Syndesmosis

Back 33

-Fibrous joint where 2 bones are bound by long collagenous fibers
- More mobility than others
-Exists between shafts of radius and ulna

Front 34

Cartilaginous Joints
(amphiarthrosis)

Back 34

bones are linked by cartilage

2 types:
Synchondroses
Symphyses

Front 35

Synchondroses
Cartilaginous Joint

Back 35

bones bound by hyaline cartilage
-Temporary joint between the epiphysis &diaphysis of a long bone in a child
-attachment of rib to sternum

Front 36

Symphysis
Cartilaginous Joint

Back 36

bones are bound by fibrocartilage
-Pubic symphysis where the right & left pubic bones are joined together
-bones of vertebrae

Front 37

Unlike most ligaments the ____ligaments do not attach one bone to another.

Back 37

Periodontal ligaments

Front 38

Components of a Synovial Joint
(Diarthrosis)

Back 38

Articular cartilage (hyaline)
Joint cavity containing synovial fluid(alubim & hyaluronic acid)
joint capsule
fibrous capsule
synovial membrane - fibroblast cells that secrete fluid
Tendons
Ligmanents
Bursae

Front 39

Synostoses
Joints/Bony Joint

Back 39

Immovable joint
Gap between 2 bones ossifies and they become one bone

-In infants the frontal & mandubular bones soon fuse to become one bone

-In old age, the first rib attached to stern becomes a synostosis

-Epiphyseas & diaphyses of long bones become synostoses in early adulthood

Front 40

Structure of the pelvic girdle

Back 40

Complete ring of 3 bones:

1- 2 coxal (hip) bone
2- Sacrum

Front 41

Bones of the thoracic cage

Back 41

Thoracic vertebrae
sternum
ribs

Enclosure for lungs & heart
Provides attachment for pectoral girdle & upper limbs
Role in breathing
Protects thoracic organs

Front 42

Vertebral Abnormalities

Back 42

Mostly in thoracic vertebrae; body & arch fail to develop on one side

Scoliosis = abnormal lateral curve

Kyphosis (hunchback) = exaggerated thoracic curvature

Lordosis = exaggerated LUMBAR curvature

Front 43

Fontanels in an infant

Back 43

Fibrous membranes:

Anterior
Posterior
Sphenoid
Mastoid

Front 44

Bones that form walls of the orbits

Back 44

Palatine Bone
Frontal
Zygomatic
Maxilla
Sphenoid
Lacrimal
Ethmoid

Front 45

Bone Markings

Back 45

Articulations
Extensions/Projections
Depressions
Passages & Cavities

Front 46

Articulations

Back 46

Condyle - rounded knob for articulation
Facet - smooth, flat
Head - prominent end

Front 47

Extensions & Projections

Back 47

Crest - iliac crest
Epicondyle - expanded region superior to condyle
line
process - any bony prominence
protuberance
spine - sharp narrow process
trochanter - femur
tubercle - small rounded process (humerus)
tuberosity- rough elevated surface

Front 48

Depressions

Back 48

Alveoulus - tooth sockets
Fossa - elongated basin
Fovea: Small pit (femur)
Sulcus - groove for tendon, nerve or blood vessel

Front 49

Passages & Cavities

Back 49

Canal - passage in a bone
Fissure - slit
Foramen- hole
Meatus - opening into a canal
Sinus - air filled space in a bone

Front 50

Intramembranous ossification

Back 50

Flat bones of the skull
Clavicle

1- Embryonic tissue (mesenchyme) condense into soft tissue with lots of blood capillaries. Cells enlarge and differentiate into osteogenic cells
2- Osteogenic -->osteoblasts
Calcium phosphate is deposited into matrix --> Osteocytes
Mesenchyme & trabeculae become denser and fibrous forming periosteum
3- Osteoblasts deposit minerals
Trabeculae = spongy bone
Osteoclasts reabsorb -->marrow cavity of middle bone
4- Trabeculae convert spongy bone to compact bone

Front 51

Endochondral Ossification

Back 51

Bone is prceded by hyaline cartilage -->replaced by osseous tissue

Vertebrae, ribs, sternum, scapula, pelvic girdle, limbs

Epiphyseal plate in hand

1- Cartilage
2- Formation of primary ossification center, condrocytes enlarge
Chondrocytes -->osteoblasts
3- Primary marrow cavity & secondary ossification center/
Chodrocyte death
4- Marrow cavity expands
5- Epiphyseal plate = growth zone for bone elongation
6- Gap betwen epiphyses & diaphyses closes; single marrow cavity. Bone can no longer grow in length.

Front 52

Bone elongation is a result of ____

Back 52

Cartilage growth

Front 53

Organic component of bones

Back 53

collagen & protein-carbohydrate complexes:
glycosaminoglycans, proteogylcans
glycoproteins

Front 54

Inorganic component of bone matrix

Back 54

hydroxyapatite
(calcium phosphate)

Front 55

4 Major Categories of Joints

Back 55

Bony (Synostosis)
Fibrous (Synarthrosis)
Cartilaginous (Amphioarthrosis)
Synovial Joints

Front 56

Osseous tissue is a(a)_______tissue.

Back 56

Connective

Front 57

Bone forming cells

Back 57

Osteoblasts

Front 58

PTH
(parathyroid hormone)

Back 58

Promotes calcium reabsorption by kidneys
Stimulates osetoclast activity
Promotes calcitriol synthesis
Inhibits Osteoblasts activity

(corrects hypocalcemia)

Front 59

Calcitriol

Back 59

Raises blood calcium concentration
Promotes bone resorption

Front 60

Calcitonin

Back 60

Secreted by thyroid gland
Secreted when calcium level is too high in blood -->lowers concentration

(reverses hypercalcemia)

Front 61

Layers of the Skin

Back 61

Epidermis
Dermis

Front 62

Layers of the Epidermis

Back 62

Stratum Corneum
Stratum Granulosum
Stratum Spinosum
Stratum Basale

(Luciderm only in thick skin, is superficial to granulosum)

Front 63

Compact Bone

Back 63

dense white osseous tissue

Front 64

Spongy Bone

Back 64

loosely organized form of osseous tissue at the ends of bones, just inside the compact bone of the shaft & in the middle of most flat, irregular, & short bones.

Front 65

Periosteum

Back 65

outer fibrous layer of collagen & bone forming cells (osteoblasts)

Front 66

Endosteum

Back 66

Thin layer of reticular connective tissue lines the internal marrow cavity, covers surface of spongy bone & lines the canal system

Front 67

Ossification

Back 67

The formation of bone

Front 68

In the human fetus & infant, bone develops by two methods called _____________and ____________.

Back 68

Intramembranous
Endochondral ossification

Front 69

Mechanical Advantage

Back 69

Ratio of output force to input force

MA = Le/Lr

e= effort
r=resistance

Front 70

MA greater than 1.0

Back 70

lever produces more force, but less speed or distance than the force exterted on it

Front 71

MA less than 1.0

Back 71

lever produces more speed or distance, less force than input

Front 72

Movements of the Madible in chewing

Back 72

In preparation for a bite, we first protract the mandible, then retract it. To actually take a bite, we depress the mandible to open the mouth, then elevate it so the incisors can cutt off food.