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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Hernando Cortes
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-arrived from across the sea in Mexico -natives believed him to be Quetzalcoatl -claimed the land for Spain |
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Simon Bolivar
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-a general who led the South American wars of independence against Spain -In August 1819, he led a daring march from Venezuela over the mountains into present-day Columbia -helped liberate Columbia, Venezuela, Ecuador, and Bolivia |
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Andes Mountains
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-many active volcanos throughout this region -this is a barrier to movement into the interior |
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Orinoco, Amazon, and Parana
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3 major river systems in South America
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Amazon
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-flows about 4,000 miles from W to E, emptying into the Atlantic Ocean -fed by over 1,000 tributaries -carries more water to the ocean than any other river in the world |
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mineral resources
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-South America is among the world's leaders in the extraction of these -many of these resources are mined and then exported to other parts of the world |
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energy resources
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-oil, coal, natural gas, uranium, and hydroelectric power are all plentiful in Latin America
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Quetzalcoatl
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-a god worshipped by the Toltec and Aztec people of Mexico and Central America -traveled across the sea -it was said that he would return some day, bringing peace |
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Tenochtitlan
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-present day Mexico City -Cotes marched here from the exterior of the country -Aztec capital |
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Hacienda
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-an estate that brought with it social prestige and a comfortable lifestyle -natives of America lived in these -had an area for people to grow their own crops -workers were "free," but lived in the estate' -had its own stores, churches, jails, army, and administrative buildings |
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Porfirio Diaz
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-a dishonest politician who ruled Mexico for more than 30 years -his harsh and corrupt rule brought about a revolution and civil war |
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Constitution of 1917
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-brought about due to Porfirio Diaz's corrupt rule -it redistributed nearly half of Mexico's farmland to peasants |
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Institutional Revolutionary Party(PRI)
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-in 1929, a new political party arose in Mexico -it held onto power by fraud and corruption -In 2000, National Action Party candidate was elected president, which was the first time in 71 years, that the PRI didn't win. |
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human sacrifice
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-the Aztecs practiced this, because they believed it was the only reason that the Sun came up each day. -In 1487, a four day ritual saw 20,000 people killed. It was stopped because the priest were exhausted. |
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drugs and alcohol
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-this existed in Aztec society -public intoxication was illegal, except for elite. Priest needed to be in an altered state of mind to speak to the gods -if commoners could talk to gods, then priest would lose power |
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city-states
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-the Mayans built a series of these with temples and palaces. -Each was an independent state ruled by a god-king and serves as a center for religious ceremony and trade |
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The Decline of the Mayans
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-by the end of the 9th century something mysterious happened that shook Mayan civilization -one by one, the city states collapsed until the entire Mayan civilizations had collapsed |
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Exhausted environment, war, and extreme drought
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theories for collapse of the Mayan civilization
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United Provinces of Central America
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-In 1823, the region declared its independence from Mexico and took this name -By the end of the late 1830's, this organization split into separate nations. |
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Haiti
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-the first independence movement in Latin America began as a slave revolt in the Caribbean on this island -By 1804, this island achieved its independence from France |
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Toussaint L'Ouverture
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In the 1970's, this slave led a slave rebellion in Haiti and took over the government
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towns
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The Spanish took land away from Catholic natives and moved them into these
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European, African, or mixed ancestry
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residents of the Caribbean are of this culture
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mestizo
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A mix of indigenous and European ancestry.
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International Monetary Fund (IMF)
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the purpose of this account is to negotiate with foreign banks about how Mexico would repay its national debt
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NAFTA
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-stands for North American Free Trade Agreement -original goal was to lower barriers to trade among North American countries |
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President Obama
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-this U.S. president ordered the restoration of full diplomatic relations with Cuba and the opening of an embassy in Havana for the first time in more than a half century.
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Senator Marco Rubio
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-this man thinks that Cuba will manipulate this new agreement
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President Obama's decision
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The United States will ease restrictions on remittances, travel and banking, while Cuba will allow more Internet access and release 53 Cubans identified as political prisoners by the United States.
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Manifest Destiny
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-a popular belief that United States settlers were destined to expand across North America -This was the foreign policy by the US that led to war with Mexico |
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Jose de San Martin
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-helped free Argentina, Chile, Venezuela, and Peru
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Miguel Hidalgo
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-this man was a crillo parish priest, who organized his largely mestizo and indigenous congregation in the 1'st armed uprising against Spanish rule
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Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo
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-this agreement ended the Mexican-American War-Mexico sold half its territory for $15 million, and earned their independence
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La Reforma
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-liberals implemented this, which began to dismantle traditional structures of religious and military privilege. -some reforms that were passed was that the Church was to sell all property that did not have religious buildings, established a clear separation between Church and State, and restricted the authority of military and church courts |
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Mexican Economy Crash
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-this occurred in 1982, due to a crash in oil prices and worldwide depression -Some consequences of the 1982 Mexican Economy Crash include Mexico's foreign debt of $80 million, primary exports were being sold at drastically low prices, and unemployment skyrocketed |
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Zapata, Pancho Villa, and the Constitutionalist
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-these were the revolutionary groups of Mexico -they fought for land reform, rights of peasants, and for new government |
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Benito Juarez
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-became president of Mexico, after the war with the liberals -a well educated indigenous man -he encouraged foreign investment, since Mexico was in need of much money after the costly war |
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2 Main Economic challenges of NAFTA
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-less money gained on exports -U.S. businesses opened factories in Mexico, so their Mexican workers could be paid less |
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maquiladoras
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-assembly plants in Mexico -many owned by prominent European and Japanese companies, assemble electronic goods, automobiles, and other items for shipment across the U.S. border. |
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Puerto Rico, Guam, The Philippines, and Cuba
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-four territories acquired by the U.S. at the end of the Spanish-American War
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Platt Amendment
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-this plan was to give Cuba independence only after accepting limitations. -the U.S. acted as a big-brother, intervening when they were not happy -this established America as a protectorate |
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Roosevelt Corollary
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-a doctrine saying the U.S. would act as an "international police power."
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United Fruit Company
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-became known as "The Octopus," for its domination of much of Latin America -By the 1920's, this organization controlled rail systems, ports, communications, and played an important rule in political affairs |
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Cold War
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-this war caused the U.S. to be more concerned about stability in Latin America than about democratic reform
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Pursue diplomacy, Blockade Cuba, Airstrike and Invade
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-U.S.'s options for nuclear missiles in Cuba
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U.S. involvement in Cuba
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-The South was interested in sugar plantations -used Platt Amendment to benefit off of Cuba |
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Panama Canal
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-began construction in the early 1900's -The U.S. got this in return for helping Panama receive its independence -attracted trade, and reduced the time it took to move between the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. |
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the Church
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-many Spanish explorers justified theirconquests by claiming they were spreading Catholocism for this -provided the only education in the colony, which was primarily geared towards white males. -In the absence of banks, this became a major lending institution for the wealthy in New Spain. -thanks to large gifts of money from elite families, this owned large portions of rural and urban land throughout the colony. |
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Spanish
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The following Caribbean countries spoke this language -Cuba -Dominican Republic |
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French
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The following Caribbean country spoke this language -Haiti |
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English
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the following Caribbean country spoke this language -Jamaica |
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Catholicism, Protestant faiths, Santeria, Voodoo, Rastafari
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these are religions practiced on the islands
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Brasilia
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-this is the capital of Brazil -created in 1957 -located in the interior of Brazil -Oscar Niemeyer designed the new buildings if the new capital |
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sugar plantations
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-farmers owning this farm, were force onto haciendas and their land was taken away from them
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the Containment of Communism
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-this became the top priority of the United States
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Cuba
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-this country was very close to U.S., and played an important rule in the Cold War, since it was so close to the U.S. -communist country |
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land
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-when Mexican's lost this, they relocated to Mexican cities and adapted Spanish customs
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Bay of Pigs
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-this CIA invasion was a failed operation to overthrow the Castro regime.
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Cuban Missile Crisis
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-this was a time in history when the Soviet Union installed nuclear missiles in Cuba facing the United States. It was the closest the world came to nuclear crisis
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grid
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-colonial towns were designed in this format to contain rebellions
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Caribbean
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-many natives died on sugar plantations due to mistreatment and disease, in this area
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Montezuma
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-this Aztec emperor thought that the Europeans were Quetzalcoatl, the Aztec god, and his servants returning to fulfill his prophecy
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oil
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-this was a major energy resource that could be found in Venezuela and Mexico
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Operation Mongoose
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-this was the mission by the CIA to assassinate Castro
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Nikita Kruschev
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-this was the leader of the USSR during the Cuban Missile Crisis
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Catholicism
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-this is the main religion of South America
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god-king
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-Mayan independent city-states were ruled by these
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Franklin Pierce
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-in 1854, this U.S. president expressed the U.S. desire to obtain Cuba from Spain -Pierce’s declaration, known as the Ostend Manifesto, asserted that the United States had a reasonable right to buy Cuba for a fair price or even use force if the offer were refused |
