Exam 4 Linguistics

Front 1

compositional meaning

Back 1

adding up or relating the meanings of morphemes and words within their phrases, and adding up the phrases phrase by phrase

Front 2

linear compositionality

Back 2

each phrase combines with that before or after it to form the next highest constituent, up to the sentence

Front 3

discontinuous constituents

Back 3

phrases whose members are separated from on another by of other phrases

Front 4

extraposition

Back 4

a clause is separate from the subject noun phrase which it modifies and appears at the end of a sentence

Front 5

wh fronting

Back 5

wh words are part of the verb phrase but are separated from it and put at the beginning of a sentence

Front 6

non compositional meaning

Back 6

such as idioms (based on metaphor) and extension. cannot be built up as the sum of its parts

Front 7

agent

Back 7

doer, actor

Front 8

patient

Back 8

entity affected by deed of agent or cause

Front 9

location

Back 9

location of deed or event

Front 10

instrument

Back 10

entity employed by an agent in a deed

Front 11

time

Back 11

time of deed or event

Front 12

recipient

Back 12

receiver of result of deed or agent

Front 13

experiencer

Back 13

perceiver of stimulus

Front 14

stimulus

Back 14

entity perceived/experienced by experiencer

Front 15

cause

Back 15

cause not an agent

Front 16

goal

Back 16

targeted location

Front 17

grammatical relations

Back 17

subject, object, and object of preposition. based on sentence structure rather than meaning of nouns or verbs. formal. reflect constituent relations in phrase structure

Front 18

semantic roles

Back 18

reflect meanings

Front 19

paraphrases

Back 19

synonymous sentences. semantic roles the same, grammatical relations may be different

Front 20

cases

Back 20

different suffixes for different grammatical relations

Front 21

nominative

Back 21

suffixes for subject

Front 22

accusative

Back 22

suffixes for direct object

Front 23

genitive

Back 23

suffixes for possessive

Front 24

transitive verbs

Back 24

have the cause/agent as subject and the patient as object
"beavers eat trees"

Front 25

active sentences

Back 25

have active verbs

Front 26

passive sentences

Back 26

have a passive verb which has a form of "be" plus a past tense or past participle form of the verb
"trees are eaten by beavers"

Front 27

source

Back 27

if it is the subect it is object of "into", if it is the goal is the object of "from"

Front 28

reflexive pronoun

Back 28

the noun phrase agent may be optionally expressed as an object

Front 29

transitive verbs (open type verbs)

Back 29

active: agent is the subject and patient is direct object. passive: patient is the subject and agent is the object of the preposition

Front 30

spray type verbs

Back 30

filling a space or covering an area

Front 31

give type verbs

Back 31

agents, patients, and constituents

Front 32

dative movement

Back 32

lose the preposition and move before the patient

Front 33

auxiliary verb

Back 33

be, have and do and modal verbs: may, must, can

Front 34

discontinuous constituent

Back 34

wh word is sentence initial and separated from the other members of the verb phrase

Front 35

complementizer

Back 35

specifer of sentences

Front 36

conjunctions

Back 36

a type of complementizer, joins things

Front 37

auxiliary inversion

Back 37

movement of auxilary verb to complementizer position (aux verb and subject are inverted)

Front 38

do insertion

Back 38

if there is no aux verb to mark a question, one must be provided as a form of do

Front 39

deep structure

Back 39

meaning is fully compositional, phrase groups are all whole, verbs and complements fulfill gram. relations. underlying form

Front 40

surface structure

Back 40

after all raisings apply, the result is linear and concrete. phonetic form.

Front 41

background and foreground

Back 41

we paraphrase so that the background (context) is at the beginning of the sentence and the foreground (new information) is at the end

Front 42

prepositional adverb

Back 42

sometimes called particles. verb idioms contain a verb and these. throw "up"

Front 43

prepositional adverb inversion

Back 43

allows prepositional adverbs to switch positions with the objext NP

Front 44

pragmatics

Back 44

the relation between language and its context of use

Front 45

vagueness

Back 45

number of meanings is open

Front 46

homonyms

Back 46

single form has two or more meanings

Front 47

homophone

Back 47

single pronunciation with two or more meanings

Front 48

homograph

Back 48

single spelling with two or more meanings

Front 49

polysemy

Back 49

the form of a word suggests different meanings but the meanings are all related by semantic extension (drive animals, drive a car)

Front 50

deictics

Back 50

morphemes with variable referential meaning, whose specific reference varies with each context of their use. (personal: you, spatial: this, temporal: then, definiteness: this

Front 51

figure of speech

Back 51

different types of such creative language

Front 52

metaphor

Back 52

substituting words for others with which they share characteristics of meaning (the ship plows the sea)

Front 53

metonymy

Back 53

substituting words for other with which they share association of meaning in time or space (hollywood wont but this story)

Front 54

synecdoche

Back 54

using part to mean the whole, a type of metaphor or metonymy (can i borrow your wheels)

Front 55

personification

Back 55

type of metaphor in which human characteristics are attributed to something non-human, which shows similar characteristics (the drawer refuses to open)

Front 56

hyperbole

Back 56

type of metaphor in which comparison is implied to a similar but extravagent case (drop dead)

Front 57

irony

Back 57

type of metaphor in which comparison is implied to an opposite or unreasonable extreme case

Front 58

idioms

Back 58

figures of speech, especially phrases, which have become common and routine

Front 59

direct illocution

Back 59

making the intent of speech evident in the overt form of sentences

Front 60

performative verb

Back 60

the main verb of a sentence of which the erst of the sentence is the direct object (I promise I'll be there)

Front 61

indirect illocution

Back 61

leaving the intent of speech unexpressed or unovert in the form of sentences (Don't do that again)

Front 62

declarative speech acts

Back 62

saying something to bring about some new situation

Front 63

felicity conditions

Back 63

conditions which validate an illocution

Front 64

presupposition

Back 64

something assumed to be true in a sentence which asserts other information. speaker presumes knowledge is part of the background

Front 65

synonymy

Back 65

relationship between paraphrases (if either is true, the other is true)

Front 66

entailment

Back 66

relationship of logical inclusion between the circumstance described by pairs of sentences

Front 67

cooperative principle

Back 67

contribute meaningfully to the accepted purpose and direction of conversation

Front 68

conversational maxims

Back 68

relevance, quality, quantity, manner