Exam 4 Disease Zelman

Front 1

Fibrous:
Cartilaginous:
Synovial:

Back 1

Bones connected by three types of joints

Front 2

Fibrous

Back 2

bones firmly joined by fibrous tissues
Such as occurs in the skull bones, called a suture line

Front 3

Cartilaginous

Back 3

-ends of bones joined by fibrocartilage
-Such as occurs between adjacent vertebral bodies in spine
-Joints of this type have very little mobility

Front 4

Paget's Disease

Back 4

 Begins with bone softening and is followed by bone overgrowth
 New bone tissue is abnormal and tends to fracture easily.
 Excessive bony growth causes the skull to enlarge, which often affects cranial nerves
• thus vision and hearing are affected
 Abnormal bone development causes curvatures in the spinal column and deformities in legs

Front 5

Paget's Disease

Back 5

o Disease disrupts body's normal bone recycling process
 Bone starts breaking down faster than new bone can be built
 Body responds by generating new bone at a faster than normal rate
• Rapid remodeling produces bone that's softer and weaker than normal bone, which can lead to bone pain, deformities and fractures
• Most commonly occurs in the pelvis, skull, spine and legs
• Risk increases with age

Front 6

Osteoporsis

Back 6

o Also develops in elderly men
 Occurs at later age
 Usually less severe
o Bones quite fragile
 Susceptible to fracture
 Fractures of vertebral bodies are frequent
o Risk Factors
 Low bone mass
 Low calcium intake
 Female
 Vitamin D deficiency
 Small frame
 Sedentary lifestyle
 Family history
 Cigarette smoking
 Postmenopausal
 Excessive alcohol use
 Hysterectomy
 Caucasian or Asian
 Amenorrhea

Front 7

Osteoporosis

Back 7

o Porous Bone
o Generalized thinning of bone
-Most common in post menopausal women
-Loss of ovarian function results in estrogen deficiency – estrogen inhibits bone resorption
-Loss of estrogen accelerates rate of bone resorption

Front 8

Rickets

Back 8

-bones of child are soft and tend to bend
• Weight-bearing bones of the body become deformed; the legs become bent
• sternum projects forward and bony nodules form on the ends of ribs, and at wrists, ankles, and knees
• Skull is large and square
• Other signs: delayed teething, potbelly

Front 9

Rickets

Back 9

-Softening and weakening of bones in children
-Usually because of an extreme and prolonged vitamin D deficiency

Front 10

Calcium and phosphorus

Back 10

are required in appropriate quantities for proper bone formation and maintenance

Front 11

Calcium

Back 11

cannot be absorbed from the digestive tract without vitamin D

Front 12

Vitamin D deficiency

Back 12

deficiencies may result in soft, malformed, or fragile bones

Front 13

Hematogenous osteomyelitis

Back 13

 More common in children – in long bones
• Pus is produced within the bone, which may result in an abscess
• Abscess then deprives the bone of its blood supply
• Spread of infection may strip periosteum from cortex
 Infection may spread into joints in adults
• Condition called septic arthritis
 IV drug abusers are at risk for osteomyelitis because of dirty needles and syringes contaminated with bacteria

Front 14

Hematogenous osteomyelitis

Back 14

infection in bone is from a distant site and travels by way of bloodstream
 Affected bone may have been predisposed due to recent trauma
 Bacteria carried to bone
• Skin infection
• Kidney infection
• Other distant site

Front 15

Osteomylelitis

Back 15

as result of direct implantation of bacteria
 Conditions that expose bone to direct infection
• Compound fracture
• Gunshot wounds
• Other severe injuries affecting bone
 Chronic foot ulcers of diabetic patients may lead to chronic infection

Front 16

Osteogenesis imperfecta

Back 16

 Characterized by formation of very thin and delicate bones
 Bones easily broken under minimal stress
 Infant may be born with multiple fractures
 Cause: genetic defect either inherited or spontaneous

Front 17

dwarfism

Back 17

• Disproportionately short limbs
• Exaggerated curvature of lumbar spine
 Cause: abnormal gene on chromose 4 pair – may be inherited or spontaneous

Front 18

Achondroplasia

Back 18

• Faulty endochondral bone formation
• Impairs growth of extremities; short arms and legs
• Disturbs formation of skull bones; head is large, forehead is prominent and the nose is flat at the bridge
o Hydrocephalus may be present sometimes

Front 19

skeletal or voluntary muscles

Back 19

-Firmly attached to bones by tendons
-Stimulated by nerves at the myoneural junction

Front 20

synovial

Back 20

movable joint
• Ends of bones that move against one another are covered by articular cartilage
• Ends of bones are held together by dense fibrous bands called ligaments
• Joint capsule lined by a thin membrane
• Lubricated

Front 21

Paget's Disease

Back 21

Treatment: osteoporosis drugs (bisphosphonates)

Front 22

Fibrocartilaginous

Back 22

cushions interposed between adjacent vertebral bodies

Front 23

Annulus fibrosis

Back 23

a peripheral fibrous ring firmly adherent to adjacent vertebral bodies

Front 24

Nucleus pulposus

Back 24

structure containing gelatinous material made up of a carbohydrate substance and 80% water
• Position changes slightly during flexion and extension of the spine

Front 25

Cervical and lumbar curves


Back 25

arch forward

Front 26

Thoracic and sacral regions

Back 26

bend in opposite position

Front 27

scoliosis

Back 27

o Abnormal lateral curvature of the spine
-Most cases idiopathic – adolescent girls
-Large curvatures
 Cause pronounced disabilities
 Reduced size of thorax
-Interferes with lung function

Front 28

-Intervertebral Disk Disease
Pathogenesis

Back 28

wear and tear condition)
 Disks undergo progressive degeneration of both nucleus and annulus
• Annulus becomes weakened and thinned
• Nucleus becomes denser – water content reduced

Front 29

generalized myositis

Back 29

 Widespread degeneration and inflammation of skeletal muscle

Front 30

localized myositis

Back 30

no major clinical significance
 May follow an injury or muscular overexertion
 Inflammation gradually subsides as the muscle injury heals

Front 31

risk factors of carpal tunnel syndrome

Back 31

 Anatomic factors
 Nerve- damaging conditions
 Inflammatory conditions
 Alterations in the balance of body fluids
 Workplace factors

Front 32

carpal tunnel syndrome

Back 32

o Occurs as a result of compression of the median nerve
 Median nerve runs from forearm through a passageway in wrist (carpal tunnel) to the hand
 Provides sensation to the palm side of the thumb and fingers, with the exception of the little finger
• It also provides nerve signals to move the muscles around the base of the thumb (motor function)

Front 33

Bursitis

Back 33

-limitation of movement
-the shoulder joint are the most frequently affected
 Treatment includes resting the joint and applying moist heat

Front 34

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Back 34

-may spread to joints via blood from a primary infection site
-involved in septic arthritis

Front 35

septic arthritis

Back 35

-Streptococci and staphylococci cause this?
-invading a joint following trauma or surgery

Front 36

septic arthritis

Back 36

• Bacterial infection of a joint
• Cartilage and bone destruction may lead to alkalosis and life-threatening septicemia (blood-borne bacterial infection)

Front 37

gout

Back 37

• Frequent acute episodes caused by precipitation of uric acid crystals in joint fluid – large lumpy masses of uric acid crystals are deposited in soft tissues around joints
o Incites acute inflammatory reaction
o Patient experiences sudden, severe attacks of pain and tenderness, redness, warmth, and swelling in some joints. Usually affects one joint at a time -- often the big toe

Front 38

gout

Back 38

Diet and drugs control disease by lowering uric acid

Front 39

gout

Back 39

-Disorder of purine metabolism
-Underlying metabolic defect unknown
-Leads to accumulation of uric acid in body
-Associated with hyperuricemia

Front 40

manifestations of ostearthritis

Back 40

-Patients experience stiffness, creaking and pain on motion of joints
-Severe disability treated by joint replacement

Front 41

osteoarthritis

Back 41

Wear and tear” degeneration of one or more weight bearing joints
o Degeneration of articular cartilage
 Bones grate against one another
 Secondary overgrowth of bone in response

Front 42

manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis

Back 42

o Produces chronic inflammation and thickening of synovial membrane
o Inflammatory tissue extends over surface of articular cartilage
 Destroys articular cartilage
 Makes joint very unstable
 Leads to deviation or displacement of the bones
o Fibrous adhesions develop and ends of bones completely fuse
 End result is often severe disability and conspicuous deformity of the affected joints

Front 43

rheumatoid arthritis

Back 43

Autoimmune Disease
• Systemic disease affecting connective tissues throughout body – most pronounced manifestations are in the joints
• Small joints of the hands and feet usually affected
• Affects young and middle-aged
o More common in females

Front 44

disease of the joints

Back 44

gout
bursitis
arthritis

Front 45

open reduction

Back 45

internal fixation by means of a metal plate and screws or other device

Front 46

pathologic

Back 46

secondary to disease

Front 47

compound fracture

Back 47

 Overlying skin broken
 Bacteria may invade site ® osteomyelitis

Front 48

comminute fracture

Back 48

bone shattered into several pieces

Front 49

simple fracture

Back 49

bone broken into two pieces

Front 50

sensitivity testing or blood testing for antibodies

Back 50

antibodies may be used to identify the allergen

Front 51

pallor

Back 51

whitening of the skin, may indicate anemia

Front 52

abnormal redness

Back 52

accompanies polycythemia, carbon monoxide poisoning, and fever

Front 53

JAUNDICE

Back 53

indicates liver disease, bile obstruction, or hemolysis of red blood cells(yellow)

Front 54

cyanosis

Back 54

indicates a cardiovascular or pulmonary problem

Front 55

function of skin

Back 55

Indicates malfunction within the body through color changes

Front 56

protective wrap- skin

Back 56

-Regulates temperature, senses pain, keeps substances and microorganisms from entering the body

Front 57

myasthenia

Back 57

-Symptoms relieved by drugs that prolong action of acetylcholine
-Thymectomy

Front 58

myasthenia

Back 58

 Result of abnormality at myoneural junction
 Certain muscles such as those that control eye and eyelid movement, facial expression, chewing, talking, and swallowing are often, but not always, involved in the disorder. The muscles that control breathing and neck and limb movements may also be affected.
Autoantibodies formed against acetylcholine at myoneural junction

Front 59

myasthenia

Back 59

o Chronic autoimmune neuromuscular disease characterized by varying degrees of weakness of the skeletal (voluntary) muscles of the body
o Abnormal fatigability of voluntary muscles

Front 60

Muscular Dystrophy

Back 60

Nerve supply to muscles unaffected

Front 61

Etiology of Muscular dystrophy

Back 61

all forms are the result of some type of genetic defect. In the majority of cases, the defect is inherited
 Principal Symptoms: progressive muscle wasting, weakness, and loss of function

Front 62

duchenne MD
becker MD

Back 62

result from mutation of large gene on the X chromosome and is transmitted as an X-linked trait to male children

Front 63

becker MD

Back 63

also the result of gene mutation, dystrophin is produced but is either abnormal or produced in insufficient amounts

Front 64

dystrophine

Back 64

is an important protein that plays a role in maintaining the structure and functions of the muscle fibers

Front 65

duchenne MD

Back 65

as a result of gene mutation, dystrophin is absent in the muscle fibers

Front 66

muscular dystrophy

Back 66

 Abnormality in muscle fibers that causes them to degenerate

Front 67

systematic disease (generalized myositis)

Back 67

various types are dermatomyositis, polymyositis, juvenile myositis, inclusion-body myositis

Front 68

impetigo

Back 68

o Acute, contagious skin infection common in children
 Caused by streptococci and staphylococci carried in the nose that is passed to the skin

Front 69

bacteria, fungi, and parasites

Back 69

may cause infections of the skin

Front 70

pruritus

Back 70

itching, accompanies many skin diseases

Front 71

erythematous

Back 71

an area of skin reddened by congested blood vessels resulting from injury or inflammation

Front 72

papular

Back 72

raised lesions

Front 73

mascular

Back 73

flat lesions

Front 74

nodules

Back 74

also known as tumors, lesions that are hard to the touch

Front 75

pustules

Back 75

lesions containing pus

Front 76

bullae

Back 76

large fluid-containing lesions

Front 77

vesicles

Back 77

- blister like eruptions

Front 78

pediculosis

Back 78

Head lice
 Lice are spread from head to head directly or indirectly by shared combs, scarves, hats, and bed linen
 Symptoms - tickling feeling of something moving in the hair, itching

Front 79

fomites

Back 79

any inanimate object or substance capable of carrying infectious organisms (towels, bedding, clothing, etc)
• Parasitic Infections

Front 80

fungi, dermatophtes

Back 80

infect the skin tend to live on the dead, top layer of the skin
 Superficial infections most common
 Transmission occurs through direct contact with infected person, animals, soils, or fomites

Front 81

common wart verucca vulgaris

Back 81

• A benign neoplasm develops with a rough keratinized surface
• Most common in children and young adults, particularly on the hands
• Various home and clinic treatments available

Front 82

Verucca vulgaris (common wart)

Back 82

is a benign growth caused by localized infection with one of the many types of human papillomavirus

Front 83

varicella-zoster

Back 83

• Rash forms over the face, trunk, and extremities
• Rash spots develop into vesicles in a few days causing intense pruritis
• Vesicles break, dry, and become crusty
 Treatment is usually symptomatic

Front 84

varicella- zoster

Back 84

 Causes chicken pox, one of the most common childhood infectious diseases
• The virus can be transmitted by airborne particles or by direct contact

Front 85

herpes- 1

Back 85

 Treatment - antiviral drugs are used types I and II
 Antibiotics sometimes applied topically to treat secondary bacterial invasion

Front 86

herpes- type 1

Back 86

Causes cold sores or fever blisters
 The virus may be harbored in the body for a long time with no ill effect, but suddenly it becomes active and the infection develops

Front 87

carbuncle

Back 87

cluster of boils connected subcutaneously, causing deeper suppuration and scarring
• May be accompanied by fever and prostration.

Front 88

furuncles

Back 88

core become necrotic and liquefies, forming pus

Front 89

furuncles

Back 89

 Boils; large, tender, swollen raised lesions caused by Staphylococci
 The infection appears in hair follicles located on the face, neck, breasts, or buttocks

Front 90

folliculitis

Back 90

 Commonly occurs in young men and affects thighs, buttocks, beard, and scalp
o Treatment - daily cleansing with an antiseptic soap
 Severe cases require treatment with oral antibiotics

Front 91

folliculitis

Back 91

o An inflammation of the hair follicles caused by infection with Staphylococci
 A small number of pustules develop in the hair follicle

Front 92

cellulitis

Back 92

o A spreading infection of the skin that is most often caused by Streptococci
 Most common on the legs and begins with skin damage
 The involved area is generally swollen, red, and tender
 Symptoms of the infection may include fever and chills
 Prompt treatment prevents the spread of the infection to the blood and vital organs

Front 93

impetigo

Back 93

• The face and hands are most frequently affected
• Erythema develops and oozing vesicles and pustules form
• Fever and enlarged lymph nodes may accompany the infection
o Treatment

Front 94

eczema

Back 94

atopic dermatitis

Front 95

atopic dermatitis

Back 95

) is an itchy inflammation of the skin
 Long-lasting (chronic) condition that may be accompanied by asthma or hay fever (per Mayo)
 May affect any area of skin, but typically appears on arms and behind knees; tends to flare periodically and then subside

Front 96

allergic contact dermatitis

Back 96

o Skin inflammation that occurs when substances touching your skin cause irritation or an allergic reaction
 Red, itchy rash isn't contagious or life-threatening, but it can be very uncomfortable
 Culprits include soaps, cosmetics, fragrances, jewelry, or plants such as poison ivy or poison oak
 Treatment: identifying what's causing the reaction and avoid
• self-care measures, such as wet compresses and anti-itch creams, can help soothe your skin and reduce inflammation

Front 97

allergic response

Back 97

 mast cells, release histamine, dilation and permeability of blood vessels, infiltration of blood proteins and fluid into the tissues = edema.

Front 98

hives

Back 98

• Urticaria

Front 99

urticaria-hives

Back 99

o Results from a vascular reaction of the skin to an allergen
o Common triggers:
 allergies to food, medications, make-up, soap; Insect bite; emotional and physical stress

Front 100

scabies

Back 100

(pruritus), especially at night, and a pimple-like (papular) itchy rash
• May affect much of the body or limited to common sites such as the wrist, elbow, armpit, webbing between the fingers, nipple, penis, waist, belt-line, and buttocks
 Treatment: prescribed by doctor

Front 101

pruritus

Back 101

• Intense itching

Front 102

parasitic mite

Back 102

burrows into skin folds in the groin, under the breasts, and between fingers and toes
• Female lays eggs in the tunnels, the eggs hatch, and the cycle starts again
• Spread direct, prolonged, skin-to-skin contact or indirectly with clothing, towels, bedding

Front 103

scabies

Back 103

Sarcopes scabei

Front 104

pubic lice= phthirus

Back 104

 Treatment: prescription wash containing permethrin, such as Elimite or Kwell; fine tooth comb

Front 105

phthirus pubis

Back 105

 Infect the pubic hair of both men and women and are generally spread by sexual contact
 Signs: itching in the area covered by pubic hair.
• Itching often gets worse at night

Front 106

melasma

Back 106

occurs due to hormonal changes in some women during pregnancy or from oral contraceptive use
• Patches of darker skin develop on the face especially over the cheeks
• The patches disappear after childbirth or when oral contraceptive use is discontinued

Front 107

Lentigines

Back 107

liver spots/age spots) are small brown lesions occurring on the face, neck, and back of the hands
• Develop in older adults
not due to aging- due to sun exposure

Front 108

ephelides

Back 108

 Also known as freckles
• Flat spots that are red or light brown
• Occur most often in people with light complexions; mostly on face
• Typically appear in summer months and fade in winter
• Regular use of sunscreen helps suppress their appearance

Front 109

virtligo

Back 109

 A loss of melanin
• Resulting white patches of skin may cover large parts of the body; usually well demarcated
• Hypopigmentation is most striking in dark-skinned persons

Front 110

albinism

Back 110

• Melanin also plays a role in the development of certain optical nerves

Front 111

albinism

Back 111

 Rare inherited disorder in which little or no melanin is formed
 White hair, pale skin, and pink eyes

Front 112

malignant melanoma

Back 112

 Most serious skin cancer
 Arises from the melanocytes of the epidermis
 Highly malignant and metastasizes early

Front 113

squamous cell carcinoma

Back 113

 More serious than basal cell carcinoma because it grows more rapidly, infiltrates underlying tissues and can metastasize
• Most result from prolonged exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation, either from sunlight or tanning beds
• Avoiding UV light as much as possible is the best protection

Front 114

basal bell cancer

Back 114

 Slow-growing, generally nonmetastasizing
 Risk factors: fair skinned, hx of sun exposure
 Signs: An open sore that bleeds, oozes, or crusts and remains open for a few weeks, only to heal up and then bleed again

Front 115

basal cell

Back 115

 Most common skin cancer

Front 116

hemangioma

Back 116

benign tumor made of small blood vessels that form a red or purple birthmark
 Port wine stain is a dark red to purple birthmark appearing on the face
• Laser treatment can reduce

Front 117

nevus

Back 117

benign tumors moles

Front 118

benign tumors moles

Back 118

small, dark skin growth that develops from pigment-producing cells or melanocytes

Front 119

psoriasis

Back 119

 Etiology: thought to be related to the immune system and its interaction with the environment in people who have the genetic susceptibility
 Treatment: topical creams and ointments; in more severe cases, creams are likely to be combined with oral medications or light therapy

Front 120

psoriasis

Back 120

o Skin disease that causes itchy or sore patches of thick, red skin with silvery scales
 Usually on elbows, knees, scalp, back, face, palms and feet, but they can show up on other parts of body

Front 121

rosacea

Back 121

 Common triggers
• are exercise, sun and wind exposure, hot weather, stress, spicy foods, alcohol, hot baths, swings in temperature
 Treatment: Redness and breakouts can be treated low-dose antibiotics like doxycycline; prescribed topical medications such as azelaic acid or metronizadole

Front 122

rosacea

Back 122

can cause burring soreness in eyes

Front 123

rosacea

Back 123

o Inflammatory skin disease that causes facial erythema
 Redness on nose, cheeks, chin, and forehead; some people get little bumps and pimples on the red parts of their faces

Front 124

ezcema

Back 124

 Etiology – unknown but may result from a combination of inherited tendencies for sensitive skin and malfunction in the body's immune system
 Diagnosis - visual exam
 Treatment: Corticosteroid creams, antihistamines,
• Rosacea

Front 125

dermatophytes

Back 125

fungi infecting skin, tend to live on top layer, very common, examples ringworm, candidiasis

Front 126

strain

Back 126

tearing of muscle or tendon from excessive use or stretching, also called pulled muscle.

Front 127

dislocation

Back 127

displacement of bone from normal position in joint.

Front 128

arthritis

Back 128

inflammation of a joint. Joints may be swollen, lose mobility, or be deformed. Hips, fingers, knees, lower vertebrae commonly affected.

Front 129

kyphosis

Back 129

: exaggerated posterior curve of thoracic spine; hunchback

Front 130

bursae

Back 130

sacs of synovial fluid, reduce friction during movement, shoulder and knee

Front 131

erythema

Back 131

redness

Front 132

dermis

Back 132

lies below epidermis, consists of connective tissue supporting blood and lymph vessels, elastic fibers, nerves, hair follicles, sweat and sebaceous glands.

Front 133

epidermis

Back 133

outermost layer of skin. Layered, top portion contains keratin, bottom layer contains melanocytes.

Front 134

synovial fluid

Back 134

lubricates joint

Front 135

periosteum

Back 135

highly vascular layer of fibrous connective tissue covering surface of bones. Site of attachment for tendons and muscle, contains cells that can form new bone tissue

Front 136

spongy bone

Back 136

contains many spaces filled with red bone marrow. Found at ends of long bones; the red marrow is the site of blood cell formation.

Front 137

compact bone

Back 137

most bones covered with layer of compact bone. Cells, minerals, proteins, blood vessels are arranged in regular, organized fashion.

Front 138

medullary cavity

Back 138

hollow cavity in long bones filled with yellow marrow primarily consisting of fat.

Front 139

sprain

Back 139

ligament injury resulting from wrenching or twisting of joint

Front 140

ankylosis

Back 140

abnormal fusion of the ends of bones, immobilizing and deforming a joint, resulting from rheumatoid arthritis that erodes and scars the articular cartilage at the bone ends

Front 141

Lordosis

Back 141

swayback, inward curvature of lumbar vertebrae. Some degree of curvature is normal.

Front 142

ostemalacia

Back 142

softening or decalcification of bone in adults

Front 143

pampule

Back 143

pimple, solid elevated area on skin

Front 144

abrasion

Back 144

scrapes, wearing away upper layer of skin by friction; red, raw, painful, minimal bleeding

Front 145

ulcer

Back 145

: erosion, eating away of tissues.

Front 146

eccchymosis

Back 146

Purplish flat bruise in top layers of skin

Front 147

laceration

Back 147

cuts in skin caused by sharp object