Exam 4 (Chap 9, 10, 12)

Front 1

How do decomposers decompose?

Back 1

They break down large molecules and absorb the resulting small molecules

Front 2

How can fungi be useful?

Back 2

Antibiotic

Food Source

Leavens bread

Front 3

How can fungi be harmful?

Back 3

Spoils food

Fungal disease

Front 4

What is the mycelium?

Back 4

The supporting structure that digests food underground

Front 5

What are spores?

Back 5

Specialized cells on the underside of the mushroom cap produce spores that contain haploid cells

Front 6

Describe a shoot system

Back 6

Photosynthetic structures exposed to light and air aboveground

Front 7

Describe a root system

Back 7

Belowground anchorage structures exposed to water and minerals in soil

Front 8

Describe pollen

Back 8

protects sperm allowing them to be carried by wind or animals

Front 9

Describe egg

Back 9

remains in female reproductive organ, allowing the embryo to develop within the mother's plant's body

Front 10

Describe vascular system

Back 10

network of tubes that transports water, sugar, and minerals

Front 11

Describe cuticle

Back 11

waxy coating that prevents water loss

Front 12

describe leaves

Back 12

main site of photosynthesis and gas exchange through pores

Front 13

describe lignin

Back 13

chemical in cell walls that increases support

Front 14

The symbiotic association formed by fungi and plant roots

Back 14

mycorrhizae

Front 15

How does the fungi benefit from the plant?

Back 15

Gains some sugar from the plants

Front 16

How does the plant benefit from the fungi?

Back 16

Gains some mineral nutrients such as phosphorus

Front 17

name the tissue systems in plants

Back 17

xylem

phloem

Front 18

Transports water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the shoots

Back 18

xylem

Front 19

transports sugars from where they are made or stored to other parts of the plant

Back 19

phloem

Front 20

What did the evolution of a waxy outer layer reduce?

Back 20

water loss

Front 21

What allowed plants to grow taller?

Back 21

The evolution of vascular tissue and cell walls

Front 22

What freed gymnosperms from the need to reproduce near water?

Back 22

Seeds

Front 23

What opened up new habitats?

Back 23

The evolution of seeds

Front 24

What allowed angiosperms to dominate the land?

Back 24

The evolution of flowers

Front 25

What adaptations to bryophytes have?

Back 25

A waxy outer layer that helps to retain moisture structures that provide internal protection for gametes

Front 26

What is an example of a bryophyte?

Back 26

moss

Front 27

What is phloem?

Back 27

contains living cells that trans

Front 28

what is zylem?

Back 28

made of dead cells acting as tiny pipes

Front 29

Define transpiration

Back 29

xylem sap is moved through the plant body via transpiration

Front 30

What adaptations to seedless vascular plants Have?

Back 30

vascular tissue

Lignin

Front 31

What is lignin?

Back 31

hardened cells walls

Front 32

example of a seedless vascular plant

Back 32

fern

Front 33

what adaptations to gymnoshperms have?

Back 33

seeds

Front 34

example of a gymnosperm

Back 34

redwood

Front 35

what adaptation do angiosperms have?

Back 35

flowering plants

Front 36

name an example of an angiosperms

Back 36

beans

Front 37

How are growth rings useful?

Back 37

Which years were good or bad. tells story of tree

Front 38

another name for consumers

Back 38

heterotrophs

Front 39

another name for producers

Back 39

autotrophs

Front 40

describe heterotrophs

Back 40

obtain food from their environment

Front 41

define autotrophs

Back 41

make their own food

Front 42

what has asymmetrical shape?

Back 42

sponges

Front 43

what lacks tissues?

Back 43

sponges

Front 44

Sessile (staying in one place)

Back 44

sponges

Front 45

bilateral symmetry

Back 45

cnidarians

Front 46

cells organized into tissues

Back 46

cnidarians

Front 47

stinging cells

Back 47

cnidarians

Front 48

two distinct body forms

Back 48

cnidarians

Front 49

example of cnidarian

Back 49

sea anemone

Front 50

bilateral symmetry

Back 50

mollusks

Front 51

visceral mass

Back 51

mollusks

Front 52

circulatory system

Back 52

mollusks

Front 53

shell, mantle, and foot

Back 53

mollusks

Front 54

radula

Back 54

mollusks

Front 55

larval bilateral symmetry

Back 55

echnoderms

Front 56

spiny surface

Back 56

echnioderms

Front 57

water vascular system and tube feet

Back 57

echinoderms

Front 58

endoskeleton

Back 58

echinoderms

Front 59

mouth

Back 59

echinoderms

Front 60

all chordates are recognized by these features:

Back 60

hollow nerve cord

tail

notochord

pharyngeal slits

Front 61

vertebrates have what that includes a backbone and a skull?

Back 61

endoskeleton

Front 62

examples of invertebrates

Back 62

cancelets (small animals)

tanicates (filter sea water)

Front 63

examples of jaw-less fishes

Back 63

hagfishes

lampreys

Front 64

fish with jaws

Back 64

cartiogknous fishes (flexible skeleton)

bonxfish (internal skeleton)

Front 65

All terrestrial vertebrates are what?

Back 65

tetrapods

Front 66

Who were the first tetrapods?

Back 66

amphibians

Front 67

second tetrapods

Back 67

evolution of reptiles

Front 68

aquatic adaptations of amphibians

Back 68

eggs w/ no shells

gills and fins

Front 69

terrestrial adaptations of amphibians

Back 69

adult has lungs

musculoskeletal

moist skin

Front 70

two major adaptations for land for reptiles

Back 70

reproduce via amniotic eggs

reptiles also have waterproff skin

Front 71

define ectotherm

Back 71

must obtain heat form the environment

Front 72

define endotherm

Back 72

metabolism maintains a warm constant body temp

Front 73

groups of mammals

Back 73

monotremes

marsupials

eutherian

Front 74

define monotremes

Back 74

only surviving egg-laying mammals

Front 75

define marsupials

Back 75

mature in pouches

Front 76

define eutherian

Back 76

born fully developed after maturing with a placenta

Front 77

primate characteristics

Back 77

large brains

binocular vision

limber joints, limbs, and digits

complex behaviors

extended parental care

Front 78

name of the human evolutionary branch

Back 78

hominin

Front 79

define organismal

Back 79

focuses on the ways that organisms to their environments through physiology and behavior

Front 80

define population

Back 80

concerned with factors that affect population size, growth, and density

Front 81

define community

Back 81

focus on interactions among species

Front 82

define ecosystem

Back 82

concerned with questions of energy flow and chemical cycling

Front 83

define biosphere

Back 83

study of the influence of energy and matter on organisms across the bioshpere

Front 84

list six abiotic factors

Back 84

energy

inorganic nutrients

wind

water availability

temp

fire

Front 85

define abiotic

Back 85

nonliving components

Front 86

define biomass

Back 86

total amount of living material in ecosystem

Front 87

define primary production

Back 87

measure of the rate at which solar energy is converted to biomass

Front 88

list two biogeochemical biomes

Back 88

carbon cycle

nitrogen cycle

Front 89

describe freshwater biome

Back 89

generally have salt concentrations less than 1%

Front 90

describe marine biome

Back 90

3% salt

Front 91

intermediate aquatic

Back 91

where land and freshwater meet the ocean

Front 92

polar ice

Back 92

northernmost and southernmost parts of Earth

Front 93

tundra

Back 93

dryness, bitter cold temps, high winds, permafrost

Front 94

coniferous

Back 94

dominated by cone-bearing evergreens

Front 95

temperate broadleaf

Back 95

hot summers, cold winters, relatively frequent rain

Front 96

tropical forests

Back 96

wet, warm climates near equator

Front 97

temperate grasslands

Back 97

cold winters, low rainfall, periodic drought

Front 98

chaparral

Back 98

coastal areas where ocean currents produce mild, rainy winter and hot, dry summers

Front 99

savannas

Back 99

warm, dry, grasses and scattered trees

Front 100

deserts

Back 100

low rain fall, cold at night, hot during day

Front 101

What is the competitive exclusion principle?

Back 101

if resources required by two species are too similar, cannot coexist

Front 102

mutualism

Back 102

form of interspecies interaction in which both species benefit

Front 103

predation

Back 103

an interaction in which a predator species kills and eats a prey species

Front 104

herbivory

Back 104

eating of plant parts by an animal

Front 105

what is biological magnification?

Back 105

tendency of toxins to become concentrated as they pass through a food chain

Front 106

species richness

Back 106

same number of species

Front 107

species abundance

Back 107

fraction of total life in community accounted for by each species

Front 108

trophic structure

Back 108

quaternary consumers

tertiary consumers

secondary consumers

primary consumers

producers

Front 109

trophic structure example

Back 109

Hawk

snake

mouse

grasshopper

plant

Front 110

define keystone species

Back 110

one species have a disproportionate effect on overall species diversity

Front 111

what is the difference between primary and secondary succession?

Back 111

primary occurs when an area has been rendered virtually lifeless with no soil. secondary occurs after disturbance that kills much of life in an area but leaves soil intact

Front 112

define invasive species

Back 112

when non-native organisms are introduced to a community, they can spread rapidly

Front 113

example of invasive species

Back 113

lionfish

Front 114

describe integrated pest management

Back 114

method that utilizes several strategies

Front 115

causes of biodiversity loss

Back 115

habitat destruction

invasive species

overharvesting

pollution

global climate change

Front 116

three different patterns of population

Back 116

clumped

uniform

random

Front 117

What is carrying capacity?

Back 117

maximum population size that can survive in an environment

Front 118

examples of density-dependent factors affecting population growth

Back 118

limiting factors whose influence is affected by population density

Front 119

examples of density independent factors affecting population growth

Back 119

unrelated population density

Front 120

list human impacts on the environment

Back 120

forest destruction

freshwater shortages

declining species

Front 121

what is meant by biological hot spot?

Back 121

relatively small areas with unusually high concentrations of

Front 122

what is fragmentation?

Back 122

splitting of habitats that causes populations to become isolate from each other

Front 123

what does bioremediation aim to do?

Back 123

use of living organisms to detoxify polluted ecosystems

Front 124

4 greenhouse gases

Back 124

carbon dioxide

methane

nitrous oxide

water vapor

Front 125

describe the greenhouse effect

Back 125

vital to life on earth

without it, most of earth's surface would be too cold to support life

Front 126

examples of physiological respones

Back 126

goose bumps, increasing red blood cells

Front 127

examples of anatomical responses

Back 127

plants grow towards light

seasonal heavy coats/shedding