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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Describe the phylum Sarcodina's mobility
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Amoeboid movement
-Pseudopods |
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Describe the phylum Sarcodina's structure
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-99% has no particular shape
-Exoskeleton |
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Describe Amoeba proteus
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P: Sarcodina
-Free living, saprophyte -Non-pathogen |
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Describe Radiolaria and Foraminifera
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P: Sarcodina
-Free living saprophyte -Non-pathogens Exoskeleton: Silicon dioxide (rad) and Calcium carbonate (fora) |
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Describe Entamoeba gingivalis
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P: Sarcodina
-Commensal (in mouth) -Non-pathogen |
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Describe Entamoeba coli
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P: Sarcodina
-Mutualist (in colon of human) -Non-pathogen |
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Describe Entamoeba histolytica (include disease, transmission, and treatment)
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-P: Sarcodina
-Disease: Amoebic dysentery (Amoebiasis) -Trans: Oral-fecal (ingestion of cysts) -Treat: Flagyl |
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Describe the symptoms of Amoebic dysentery
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Bloody diarrhea: Trophozoite erodes intestinal lining
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How does Amoebic dysentery cause death?
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-Peritonitis (secondary bacteria from colon feces into abdominal cavity
Trophozoite > Bloodstream > Vital organs = large abscesses |
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Describe Iodamoba butschlii (include disease, transmission)
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P: Sarcodina
-Pathogen -Disease: Gastroenteritis (Dysentery) -Trans: Oral-fecal (ingestion of cysts) |
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Describe Endolimax nana (include disease, transmission)
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P: Sarcodina
-Pathogen -Disease: Gastroenteritis (Dysentery) -Trans: Oral-fecal (ingestion of cysts) |
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Describe Naegleria fowleri (include disease, transmission)
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P: Sarcodina
-Pathogen -Disease: Meningoencephalitis -Trans: Swimming (nasal mucosa to meninges & brain) -Dimorphic: 25C (amoeba), 37C (flagellate) |
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How are protozoans classified?
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Classified by type of motility
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Describe the phylum Ciliophora's mobility
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Cilia
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Describe the phylum Ciliophora's structure
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-Oval or pear-shaped
-Most structurally advanced, extremely complex cells |
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Describe the phylum Ciliophora's Asexual reproduction
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-Fission
-Macronucleus (mitosis) + daily activities |
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Describe the phylum Ciliophora's sexual reproduction
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-Conjugation
-Micronucleus (mitosis & meiosis) |
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Describe the conjugation process during sexual reproduction
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-Conjugation tube
-Exchange of micronucleus -Parent cell separates -Fusion of new micronucleus and old macronucleus (meiosis & mitosis) -Result: mixing of genes |
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Describe Paramecium caudatum
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P: Ciliophora
-Non-pathogen -"Slipper-like'' outline |
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Describe Balantidium coli (phylum, habitat, minor details)
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P: Ciliophora
-Pathogen -Only ciliate that is pathogenic to humans -Largest that's a pathogen -Habitat: Colon of humans & swine |
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Describe Balantidium coli (include disease, transmission, diagnosis, treatment)
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P: Ciliophora
-Disease: Gastroenteritis (Dysentery) (may invade other tissues & enter CSF) -Trans: Oral-fecal (Ingestion of cysts) -Diag: I.D. cysts in feces -Treat: Flagyl |
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Describe the phylum Mastigophora's mobility; what other name does this phylum go by?
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-Flagellates
-Flagella |
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Describe the phylum Mastigophora's structure
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Pear-shaped or spindle shaped
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Describe the phylum Mastigophora's reproduction
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Asexual: Fission
Sexual: Gametes |
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Describe Euglena species (include nutrition, eye spot, and classification)
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P: Mastigophora
-Non-pathogen -Nutrition: Chemoorganotroph (cytosome) & photolithotroph (chloroplast) -Eye spot: organelle that senses light -Classified as protozoan and algae |
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What are the animal and plant like characteristics of the Euglena species
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Animal: Flagella, cytosome, pellicle
Plant: Chloroplast |
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Describe Giardia lamblia (exclude disease related)
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P: Mastigophora
-Pathogen -''Old man in the stool'' |
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Describe the disease, symptoms, and pathology of Giardia lamblia
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-Disease: Giardiasis
-Self limiting disease (last 2+ weeks) -Symptoms: Massive diarrhea, abdominal cramps, nausea, intestinal gas, weakness -Pathology: Erosion of small intestine epithelium, may invade bile duct |
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Describe the transmission, animal reservoirs, diagnosis, and treatment for Giardiasis
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-Trans: Oral-fecal
-Ani. Res.: Wild mammals (ie. beavers), domestic horses & mules -Diag: I.D. cysts in feces -Treat: Flagyl |
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Describe Trichomonas vaginalis
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P: Mastigophora
-Undulating membrane & flagella -Pathogen/STD (most common) -No cyst form (only trophozoite form) |
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Describe the disease, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment for the STD caused by Trichomonas vaginalis
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-Disease: Trichomoniasis (STD)
-Trans: Sexual contact (must transfer quickly before drying out) -Symp: Female (vaginitis: ylw/grn discharge); Male (Asymptomatic: in prostate gland) -Diag: Microsopic examination of trophozoites from discharge -Treat: Flagyl |
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Describe Trypanosoma gambiense and Trypanosoma rhodesiense
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P: Mastigophora
-Pathogen -Undulating membrane & flagella -Genus causes the most serious flagellate disease |
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Describe the complex life cycle of Trypanosoma gambiense and Trypanosoma rhodesiense
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2 hosts
-Sexual phase: Definitive host (vertebrates); animal reservoirs (other mammals) -Asexual phase: Intermediate host: Tsetse fly |
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Describe the disease, transmission, symptoms, and treatment of Tryp. gambiense and Tryp. rhodesiense
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-Disease: African sleeping sickness
-Trans: Bite of tsetse fly -Symp: Tremors, nausea, delusions, lethargy, coma, death -Treat: Eflornithine |
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Describe the pathology of Tryp. gambiense and Tryp. rhodesiense
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Trypanosomes > blood, lymphatic system > multiply > invade liver, spleen, and later CNS (CSF)
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Describe Trypanosoma cruzi (include location, animal reservoirs)
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P: Mastigophora
-Pathogen -Undulating membrane & flagella -Loc: S. America, Central America, Mexico, and Texas -Ani. Res.: Rodents, opossums, and armadillos |
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Describe the disease, transmission, symptoms, and treatment of Tryp. cruzi
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-Disease: Chaga's disease
-Trans: Bite of reduviid bug (kissing/bed bug) > releases Tryp. cruzi in feces which enters bite wound > bloodstream > liver, spleen, heart muscles & CNS -Symp: High fever, fatal myocarditis, and encephalitis -Treat: none (intracellular repdocution of parasite is difficult to treat) |
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Describe the phylum Sporozoa (include mobility, type of life cycle)
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-Non-motile
-All species = pathogen -Obligate intracellular parasites (req. host cell to reproduce inside of) -Complex life cycle |
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What are the 4 Plasmodium species? Describe the disease and vector (include phylum)
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P: Sporozoa
-Plasmodium vivax, malariae, ovale, flaciparum -Disease: Malaria -Vector: Anopheles mosquito (female) |
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Describe the complex life cycle of the Plasmodium species
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2 Hosts
-Asex. phase (schizogony): Intermediate host - occurs in humans -Sex. phase (sporogony): Definitive host - occurs in Anopheles mosquito |
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Describe the schizogony life cycle of the Plasmodium species in humans
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-Same for each species at 24hr intervals
-Release of merozoites from RBC -Release of toxic waste product into bloodstream -Causes chills & fevers (104F-105F) -Recurrent fever, chills, sweating (different time intervals for different Plasmodium species) |
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What are the complications of malaria
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-Hemolytic anemia (lysed RBCs)
-Enlarged organs (spleen, liver, and kidney) from excess cellular debris -Pulmonary failure -Stroke |
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What other complications could Plasmodium falciparum also cause?
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Renal failure and encephalitis (highly resistant)
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Describe how Malaria is diagnosed (what are the 4 things to look for)
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-Peripheral blood smear
-Ring trophozoites, schizont, segmenter stage, and micro-/macro- gametocytes |
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Describe the treatment and control of malaria
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-Treat: Quinacrine, chloroaquine, primaquine, **Mefloquine**, and **Pyrimethamine and Sulfadoxine**
-Control: Drain standing water, insecticides, prophylactic drugs |
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Describe the hosts of Toxoplasma gondii (include phylum)
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P: Sporozoa
-Asex. phase: Intermediate host - humans -Sex. phase: Definitive host - domestic cats |
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Describe the life cycle of Toxoplasma gondii
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Oocysts in cat feces (ingested) > sporozoites > develops into either:
-Tachyzoites (trophozoites) > invades and reproduces inside host tissue cells -Bradyzoites: contained in tissue cysts |
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Describe the disease, transmission, and diagnosis of Toxoplasma gondii
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-Disease: Toxoplasmosis
-Trans: Oral-fecal (ingestion of ooxysts in cat feces) & eating uncooked meat (tachyzoites in tissue or bradyzoites in tissue cysts) -Diag: Fluorescent-antibody technique, Hemagglutination test |
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Describe the healthy adult vs. an immunosuppressed host infection caused by Toxoplasma gondii
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Healthy adult: mild disease, mild symptoms
Immuno: very serious; invasion of CNS, death |
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Describe the Congenital infection caused by Toxoplasma gondii
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Mother to fetus (very serious)
-Tachyzoites (trophozoites) cross placenta = cause severe brain damage, blindness, and death -Avoid cleaning liter box if pregnant |
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Describe the disease, symptoms, and treatment of Crytosporidium parvum
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P: Sporozoa
-Disease: Crytoporidiosis -Symp: Gastroenteritis - diarrhea, abdominal cramps, vomiting "24-hr flu" (AIDS patient: severe symptoms & death) -Treat: Poor, lack of effective drugs |
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Describe the transmission of Cryptosporidiosis (include genus and specie)
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Cryptosporidium parvum
-Oral-fecal -Water contaiminated with cysts (oocysts) from animal livestock wastes (ie. cattle) -Chlorination is not entirely successful, req. filtration of water |
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Describe the Diagnosis for Cryptosporidiosis (include genus and specie)
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Crpytosporidium parvum
-Microscopic ID: Cyst in feces -Fluorescent Antibody Test: Detect oocysts in water source |
