Exam 3 - Hist 1302

Front 1

Baby Boom Generation

Back 1

76.4 million Americans born between 1946 and 1964

Front 2

Taft-Hartley Act (1947)

Back 2

Law that abolished the closed shop, banned so-called sympathy boycotts, and required that all union officers signed affidavits certifying that they were not members of the Communist Party

Front 3

Fair Deal

Back 3

Truman's proposals for national healthcare, public housing, education, and public works projects

Front 4

Military-industrial complex

Back 4

Eisenhower's term for the close ties between the defense industry and the Pentagon that might unduly influence government policy

Front 5

Levittowns

Back 5

Planned suburban communities where developers standardized every part of the construction process

Front 6

Brown vs. Board of Education (1954)

Back 6

Supreme Court decision that segregated schools violated the equal protection clause of the 14th Amendment

Front 7

Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)

Back 7

Yearlong bus boycott that brought a new leader, MLK Jr., and a new strategy of nonviolent protest to the forefront of the Civil Rights Movement

Front 8

Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)

Back 8

Civil Rights org. founded by MLK Jr. that used black churches to devise a new nonviolent strategy of direct action

Front 9

Little Rock Nine

Back 9

Nine black teens who integrated Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas, in 1957 and became the focus of a national crisis that required the intervention of federal troops to resolve

Front 10

Sit-ins

Back 10

Nonviolent demonstrations where civil rights protesters employed the tactic of civil disobedience to occupy seats at whites-only lunch counters

Front 11

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

Back 11

Student-run civil rights org. founded in 1960

Front 12

Domino Theory

Back 12

Fear that a communist Vietnam would open the door to a complete communist takeover of Southeast Asia

Front 13

Geneva Accords (1954)

Back 13

Called for temporary partition of Vietnam along the 17th parallel, with the Vietminh in the north and the French in the south, and a general election in two years to reunify the country under one government

Front 14

Southeast Asian Treaty Organization (SEATO)

Back 14

1954 alliance among the US, Britain, France, Australia, New Zealand, Thailand, the Philippines, and Pakistan who pledged to "meet common danger" in Southeast Asia together

Front 15

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution (1964)

Back 15

Gave Johnson permission "to take all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against the forces of the US and to prevent further aggression" in Vietnam

Front 16

Ho Chi Minh Trail

Back 16

600-mile North Vietnamese supply route that ran along the western border of Vietnam through neighboring Laos and Cambodia

Front 17

Tet Offensive (1968)

Back 17

Massive, coordinated Communist assault against more than 100 cities and towns in South Vietnam

Front 18

My Lai

Back 18

Vietnamese village where American soldiers massacred 500 civilians in 1968

Front 19

Vietnamization

Back 19

Nixon administration policy that turned the bulk of the ground fighting over to the South Vietnamese Army

Front 20

Detente

Back 20

Relaxing Cold War tensions by using diplomatic, economic, and cultural contacts to improve US relations with China and the Soviet Union

Front 21

Watergate Scandal (1972)

Back 21

Botched Republican-engineered break-in of the Democratic National Committee headquarters in Washington, D.C. that forced Nixon to resign in 1974

Front 22

Great Society

Back 22

Pres. Johnson's wide-ranging social welfare reforms intended to make the amenities of modern life- a decent standard of living, education, healthcare, and clean water- available to all Americans

Front 23

Freedom Rides

Back 23

Interstate bus journeys by black and white activists who entered segregated bus facilities together throughout the South

Front 24

Birmingham Campaign

Back 24

Civil rights effort to desegregate Birmingham, Alabama, where shocking images of police brutality prompted Kennedy to push for a federal civil rights act

Front 25

March on Washington, 1963

Back 25

Massive demonstration in the nation's capital that demanded passage of a federal civil rights act and more economic opportunities

Front 26

Freedom Summer, 1964

Back 26

Multipronged attack on white supremacy in Mississippi that included a voter registration drive and the creation of Freedom Schools

Front 27

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Back 27

legislation that banned segregation in businesses and places open to the public (such as restaurants and public schools) and prohibited discrimination in employment on the basis of race, religion, ethnicity or sex

Front 28

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Back 28

Legislation that prohibited literacy tests and poll taxes and authorized the use of federal registrars to register voters if states failed to respect the 15th Amendment

Front 29

New Left

Back 29

Small, but highly visible, coalition of left-leaning student-based orgs that attacked racial discrimination, poverty, and the war in Vietnam

Front 30

Black Power

Back 30

Call for blacks to unite politically and economically in black-only orgs to protect their racial identity as they fought for equality

Front 31

National Organization for Women (NOW)

Back 31

Org dedicated to securing equal rights for women in employment, education and politics

Front 32

SALT I (1972)

Back 32

First treaty between the Soviet Union and the US that limited the deployment of intercontinental and submarine-launched ballistic missiles and the creation of missile-defense systems

Front 33

Mutually assured destruction (MAD)

Back 33

Claim that the guarantee of a devastating nuclear counterattack would deter the US and Soviet Union from ever employing their nuclear arsenals

Front 34

Camp David Accords (1978)

Back 34

Israel agreed to give the Sinai Peninsula back to Egypt; in return Egypt became the first Arab state to recognize Israel's right to exist

Front 35

Iranian Hostage Crisis

Back 35

Defining event in Carter's presidency as Iranian revolutionaries held 52 Americans captive for 444 days

Front 36

Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)

Back 36

Proposed constitutional amendment, which stated that "equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the US or by any state on the account of sex"

Front 37

Roe v. Wade (1973)

Back 37

Supreme Court decision that legalized abortion

Front 38

Stonewall Riot

Back 38

1969 battle between patrons of a Greenwich Village male gay bar and police that became the catalyst for the gay rights movement

Front 39

Religious Right

Back 39

A collection of right-wing Christian groups that defended traditional values and supported conservative political causes

Front 40

Iran-Contra Scandal

Back 40

Law-breaking scheme that sold arms to Iran to secure the hostage's release and used the proceeds to support anti-Communists in Nicaragua

Front 41

Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (1987)

Back 41

Approved the destruction of all US and Soviet intermediate-range missiles in Europe

Front 42

Powell Doctrine

Back 42

General Colin Powell's assertion that the nation should go to war only as a last resort when the president had full support from the nation and the international community, could employ overwhelming military force to win without serious loss of American life, and had a clear exit strategy

Front 43

"Don't Ask, Don't Tell"

Back 43

Policy instituted during the Clinton era that allowed closeted homosexuals and lesbians, gays who kept their sexual preferences hidden, to serve in the military

Front 44

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

Back 44

1992 treaty that lifted trade barriers among the US, Mexico and Canada

Front 45

"compassionate conservatism"

Back 45

Philosophical approach to governing that emphasized using private industry, charities, and religious institutions, rather than the government, to provide community services

Front 46

Global warming

Back 46

Scientific theory that widespread burning of fossil fuels emitted greenhouse gases into the atmosphere that cause average global temperatures to rise

Front 47

al-Qaeda

Back 47

Fundamentalist Islamic terrorist org led by Saudi exile Osama bin Laden

Front 48

9/11

Back 48

Sept. 11, 2001: the day of al-Qaeda attacks on the US; terrorists hijacked four planes and flew two into the WTC towers and one into the Pentagon; on crashed on a field in Shanksville, Pennsylvania

Front 49

Patriot Act

Back 49

Controversial 2001 law that greatly expanded the government's investigative and police powers

Front 50

Preemptive war

Back 50

Notion that the US should remove hostile regimes with force before they could pose a serious threat

Front 51

Bush Doctrine

Back 51

Established the unilateral right to attack nations that harbored terrorists, to launch preemptive military strikes to prevent future attacks on the US, and to replace autocratic governments with democratically elected ones